The Role of Exercise in the Treatment of PTSD Symptoms

The Role of Exercise in the Treatment of PTSD

This is an 8-week experimental, repeated-measures clinical trial randomizing 120 Service Members with symptoms of PTSD into one of four groups: 1) imaginal exercises of exposure therapy only, 2) aerobic exercise only, 3) imaginal exercises augmented with aerobic exercise, or 4) self-care.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: imaginal therapy; Behavioral: exercise; Behavioral: self-care

Detailed Description

One of the signature injuries of combat operations following 9/11 is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The most effective treatment for PTSD is exposure therapy where, under the supervision of a trained therapist, individuals are exposed to prolonged and repeated imagined images of the trauma until the images no longer cause severe anxiety. Various forms of exercise have been used to treat a broad range of depression and anxiety disorders and exercise has been used with some success to treat individuals with PTSD. Considering the population of otherwise healthy and physically active Service Members suffering from symptoms of PTSD, it seems possible that exercise might serve as an outlet for the emotional reactions experienced during therapy, decreasing emotional distress, and increasing the individual's tolerance to imaginal exposure serving as a powerful adjunct to exposure therapy. The purpose of this study to explore the role of exercise in the treatment of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), specifically determining if the efficacy of imaginal exercises, part of exposure therapy for PTSD, can be improved by augmenting the therapy with aerobic exercise. Towards this end, this 8-week experimental, repeated-measures clinical trial will randomize 120 Service Members with symptoms of PTSD into one of four groups: 1) imaginal exercises of exposure therapy only, 2) aerobic exercise only, 3) imaginal exercises augmented with aerobic exercise, or 4) self-care.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 72
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Texas
    • Fort Hood, Texas, United States, 76544
      • Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• be an Active Duty, Reserve, or National Guard Army, Air Force, Navy, or Marine Veteran of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) / Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) eligible for military medical care
• be at least 18 years old
• be able to read and speak English
• answer "no" to the seven questions of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q), or have primary care provider approval to undertake an exercise program.
• score ≥25 on the PTSD CheckList - Stressor-Specific(PCL-S); participants scoring >50 on the PCL-S will be contacted weekly to ensure that their symptoms are under control and they do not require a higher level of care.
• report on the PTSD Symptom Scale - Interview (PSS-I) an exposure to a traumatic event (Criterion A), at least one re-experiencing symptom (Criterion B), and at least one avoidance symptom (Criterion C)
• participants taking psychotropic medications agree to work with their prescriber to remain on stable doses of any prescribed psychotropic medications for the duration of the intervention and through the 1-month follow-up assessment as much as possible and as medically indicated
• anticipate being in the area for at least three months to complete intervention and 13-week follow-up assessment

Exclusion Criteria:

• score <25 on the PTSD CheckList - Stressor Specific (PCL-S) (Those scoring <25 do not have enough symptom severity to adequately test the study hypotheses
• have undergone exposure therapy for PTSD within the last year
• be taking benzodiazepines every day on a prescribed schedule (Individuals prescribed and taking a benzodiazepine only as needed will not be excluded.)
• suicidal ideation with moderate to severe intent warranting intervention
• active psychosis or mania
• be on a medical profile that prohibits exercise

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

4

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Imaginal Therapy Only; The imaginal exercise of exposure therapy will be manualized (Rothbaum, Foa & Hembree, 2007) and adapted with the permission of Dr. Foa for combat-related stress disorders (Peterson, Cigrang & Riggs, 2008). While traditional exposure therapy includes both imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure, this study will use only the imaginal exposure components. Participants will meet with a therapist the first week of treatment and every-other week for a total of five appointments over eight weeks. During the second session, the therapist will help the participant make an approximately 20-minute voice tape recording of their traumatic experience which they will listen to 5-days/week. A new recording will be made with the therapist during sessions 3 and 4 also, for a total of three tapes.	Behavioral: imaginal therapy; imaginal exercise of Prolonged Exposure therapy
Experimental: Exercise Only; The aerobic exercise regimen will be standardized according to the American College of Sports Medicine recommendations: frequency of a minimum of 5 sessions per week, at a vigorous intensity [>60% of oxygen uptake reserve (VO2R)], time of 20-25 minutes per exercise session. To determine the exercise heart rate intensity, the Karvonen formula for heart rate reserve will be used. The mode of exercise will be purposeful walking or jogging. The goal of the exercise is not training, but rather to keep the participant's heart rate >60% of their individually-determined heart rate reserve.	Behavioral: exercise; aerobic training at a frequency of a minimum of 3 sessions per week, at vigorous intensity [i. e., >60% of oxygen uptake reserve (VO2R)], and a time of 20-25 minutes each bout of training
Experimental: Imaginal Therapy & Exercise Combined; Participants will meet with a therapist the first week of treatment and every-other week for a total of five appointments over eight weeks. During the second session, the therapist will help the participant make an approximately 20-minute voice tape recording of their traumatic experience which they will listen to 5-days/week. A new recording will be made with the therapist during sessions 3 and 4 also, for a total of three tapes. Participants will exercise listening to their tape at least 5-times/week outside of scheduled unit Physical Training. Participants will wear the heart rate monitor to record their exercise activity.	Behavioral: imaginal therapy; imaginal exercise of Prolonged Exposure therapy; Behavioral: exercise; aerobic training at a frequency of a minimum of 3 sessions per week, at vigorous intensity [i. e., >60% of oxygen uptake reserve (VO2R)], and a time of 20-25 minutes each bout of training
Active Comparator: Nurse-led Self-Care; The Self-Care Group will use written materials that outline the benefits of thinking about problems the individual is facing as well as the benefits of exercise, however doing the two activities together will not be advocated as part of the material. A fact sheet prepared by the National Center for PTSD, Returning from the War Zone: A Guide for Military Personnel as well as a list of coping strategies and self-care behaviors adapted from the National Center for PTSD guide, Self-Care and Self-Help Following Disasters, will be used to guide the discussion. The research nurse will meet with the participant five times over 8-weeks at weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 to encourage use of the self-care fact sheet and assess the participant for safety.	Behavioral: self-care; meeting with a nurse to review and discuss publically available written materials that outline approaches for dealing with posttraumatic stress symptoms

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
PTSD symptoms as assessed using the PTSD Symptom Scale - Interview (PSS-I) and PTSD CheckList (PCL)	degree of PTSD symptoms	change in score between baseline, 1-week post-treatment, 1-month post-treatment, 6-months post-treatment

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
• Collaborators: C.R.Darnall Army Medical Center
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Stacey Young-McCaughan, RN, PhD, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio

Publications and helpful links

Helpful Links

• STRONG STAR Consortium web link describing study
• Runner's World article, Running back from hell

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): February 1, 2011
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 1, 2016
• Study Completion (Actual): May 1, 2017

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 4, 2016
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 6, 2016
• First Posted (Estimate): January 7, 2016

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): September 11, 2017
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 8, 2017
• Last Verified: September 1, 2016

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: exercise; biomarker
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders; Stress Disorders, Traumatic; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
• Other Study ID Numbers: HSC20100372H