Translational Approach to the Understanding and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Can D-Cycloserine Enhance and Stabilize the Treatment-response in Relapsed and Non-responding OCD-patients?

Translational Approach to the Understanding and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Can D-Cycloserine Enhance and Stabilize the Treatment-response in Relapsed and Non-responding OCD-patients? A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled National Study

In this randomized controlled trial (RCT) the investigators experimentally test if patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) who have received treatment with exposure and response prevention (ERP), but either relapsed or not responded, profit from the combination of concentrated exposure based treatment (cET) and the NMDA-agonist (N-methyl-d-aspartate) d-cycloserine (DCS), targeting fear relevant areas in amygdala and pre-frontal cortex.

The project expects to demonstrate a significant improvement in all groups, and anticipate that a higher proportion of the patients who receive DCS will show a better long-term gain from the treatment, as compared to the placebo group at follow-up (3 mon, 12 mon, and 5 years after treatment). In addition, the project will highlight changes in depression, sleep, global functioning, quality of life, work and social status. Changes in medication and use of health care will be included and related to the main objective of the study.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: D-Cycloserine; Drug: Placebo

Detailed Description

A total of 160 relapsed and non-responding OCD-patients, treated with exposure and response prevention (ERP) in the specialist Health care in Norway, are planned to participate in the study: "Translation approach to the understanding and treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Can D-cycloserine (DCS) enhance and stabilize the treatment-response in relapsed and non-responding OCD-patients? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled national study." Estimated start of inclusion is November 2015 and the inclusion period lasts for maximum 2 years. All participants are referred to the specialist health care and are pre-screen by the local OCD-team. Before inclusion, the patients will fill in a number of questionnaires on-line and all patients who meet the inclusion criteria will be invited to participate. Before the patient signs the informed consent form the patients will receive written and oral information about the study as well as watch a video describing the trial and what participation will imply. Before the 4-day concentrated exposure based treatment (cET) starts, the patients will undergo a clinical assessment interview by the local OCD-team, and will watch another video describing the trial in detail. They will also be assessed by SCID-I (Structured Clinical Interview) for DSM 5 as well as Y-BOCS (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale) interview by independent and specially trained psychologists. The cET is delivered in an "individual group format" which implies that the patient: therapist-ratio is 1:1, and that the treatment is delivered in groups of minimum 3 and maximum 6 patients. All groups are led by a specially trained cET therapist, and the local therapists are experienced OCD-therapists who are familiar with the cET format. Day 1 of the treatment (3 h) consists of psychoeducation and planning of exposure tasks. Day 2 and day 3 (both 8 h + contact in the evening) consist of individually tailored and therapist assisted exposure with a number of relevant triggers in a diversity of settings. All exposures are based on the LEaning in Technique (LET), where the patients are trained to recognize when the urge to ritualize starts, and to actively approach the trigger by "leaning into the anxiety". The exposures are also designed to optimize learned inhibition. In addition to individual exposure training, the group meets three times throughout the day. Day 2 and Day 3 the patient will take study medication before the exposures start. The study medication is D-Cycloserine (DCS) 250 mg, DCS 100 mg or placebo. In the afternoon Day 3, the patients' relatives/ friends are invited to a 2 h lecture/ psychoeducation on OCD and the current treatment. Day 4 the focus is on "lessons learnt" as well as on planning / specifying exposure tasks for the coming three weeks. Before and during the cET the patient will record data electronically via CheckWare (an electronic case report form database). The patient will continue registration of obsessions and compulsions through 3 weeks post cET. One week after cET a post-assessment with Y-BOCS will be performed by the independent assessor. After 3 months, the patient is invited to an individual visit at the clinic. 1 year and 5 years post treatment, the assessment team will perform follow-up telephone interviews.

Measures of anxiety, depression, global functioning, severity of the disorder, self-reported OCD-symptoms, sleep, quality of life, changes in work and social status as well as changes in medication and use of health care will be included and employed as secondary outcomes.

A total of 14 expert therapists have been trained to deliver cET to OCD-patients all over Norway. Patients, therapists and assessors are all blinded to the randomization. Interventions are recorded and rated for compliance and competence . All SCID-I and Y-BOCS assessments are recorded and standard procedures for rescoring are followed. All assessors are independent and specially trained.

A Scientific Advisory Board is established, also including representatives from the Norwegian OCD-association. The formal project partners are Haukeland University Hospital; Oslo University Hospital; St Olavs Hospital; Soerlandet Hospital and Moere and Romsdal Hospital.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 163
• Phase: Phase 4

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Norway
  • Bergen, Norway, 5021
    • Haukeland University Hospital
  • Brumunddal, Norway, 2380
    • Innlandet Hospital
  • Forde, Norway, 6812
    • Forde Hospital
  • Kristiansand, Norway, 4604
    • Sørlandet Hospital
  • Levanger, Norway, 7601
    • Nord Trøndelag Hospital
  • Lorenskog, Norway, 1478
    • Akershus University Hospital
  • Molde, Norway
    • More and Romsdal Hospital
  • Moss, Norway, 1635
    • Østfold Hospital
  • Oslo, Norway, 0424
    • Oslo University Hospital
  • Sandvika, Norway, 1300
    • Vestre Viken
  • Stavanger, Norway
    • Stavanger University Hospital
  • Tonsberg, Norway, 3103
    • Sykehuset I Vestfold
  • Tromso, Norway
    • Tromso University Hospital
  • Trondheim, Norway, 7006
    • St. Olavs Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

All 15 OCD-teams in Norway refer patients to the study, thus providing nationwide coverage of relapsed or non-responsive OCD patients.

Through the Norwegian National OCD-implementation project all OCD-patients in Norway are ensured access to evidence based treatment. Standardized procedures for collection and storage of data (quality databases) are also established. These data will serve as reference data for standard treatment response, as well as provide detailed information regarding the first treatment-course for the relapsed OCD-patients.

The inclusion procedure implies that all relevant patients in Norway in the given time period will be offered participation. If this population turns out to be fewer than 160 patients during the study period, the inclusion period might be extended six months. If less than 160 patients are included at that point, analyses will be performed on the number of patients included by the end of the study period.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Outpatients
• ≥ 18 years
• Fulfilling diagnostic criteria of OCD according to the DSM-5
• Previously have received ERP-treatment delivered by trained therapist and either have responded and relapsed, or not responded to the treatment.
• Response is defined by ≥35% reduction with a post-treatment Y-BOCS score of ≤15, followed by a relapse as defined by > 35% increase in Y-BOCS score from post-treatment, a Y-BOCS score of 16 or more, and a Clinical Global Impression-Improvement Scale (CGI-I) score of 6 ("much worse") or higher.
• Non-responders are defined as those with a reduction in Y-BOCS scores from pre- to post-of less than 35%, and with a Y-BOCS score of ≥16 after treatment. In order to be classified as non-responder as opposed to "drop-out" the patient has to previously have received a minimum of 6 sessions.
• There must be a minimum of 4 weeks since treatment ended.
• Fluent in Norwegian
• Signed informed consent

Exclusion Criteria related to the ERP:

• OCD symptoms primarily associated with hoarding
• Ongoing substance abuse/dependence
• Bipolar disorder or psychosis
• Ongoing suicidal ideation
• Mental Retardation, based on previous medical history
• If using antidepressants:
• Not on stable dosage 12 weeks before the intervention
• Unwilling to remain on stable dosage during the four intervention days
• Unwilling to refrain from anxiolytics (e.g. benzodiazepines) and alcohol during the two days of exposure.
• Living > 1 hour drive by car/ train from the treatment location.

Exclusion Criteria related to the DCS:

• Pregnancy or breast feeding (the participants are informed that they will have to use contraception the two days when the DCS/placebo is administered. Females will be asked if they are pregnant, and in case of doubt a pregnancy test is provided)
• Renal impairment
• Hypersensitivity to D-Cycloserine
• Porphyria
• Epilepsy

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Factorial Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: 250 mg DCS; 64 patients receive 250 mg D-Cycloserine two consecutive days in combination with therapist assisted concentrated exposure therapy (cET)	Drug: D-Cycloserine; Predicted to enhance stabilization of the effects of concentrated exposure treatment; Other Names: Cycloserine; DCS
Experimental: 100 mg D-Cycloserine; 64 patients receive 100 mg D-Cycloserine two consecutive days in combination with therapist assisted concentrated exposure therapy (cET)	Drug: D-Cycloserine; Predicted to enhance stabilization of the effects of concentrated exposure treatment; Other Names: Cycloserine; DCS
Active Comparator: Placebo; 32 patients receive placebo two consecutive days in combination with therapist assisted concentrated exposure therapy (cET)	Drug: Placebo; Predicted to have no enhancing effect; Other Names: Sugar Pill

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Changes in Y-BOCS	Response is a ≥35% reduction of the individual patient's pre-treatment YBOCS score. A patient is remitted if the response criterion is fulfilled and the post-treatment Y-BOCS score is ≤12	3 and 12 months, 5 years
Changes in diagnostic status	Changes in Diagnostic status (DSM-5) assessed by SCID-I for DSM-5 at above specified points.	3 and 12 months, 5 years
Changes in Y-BOCS evaluated by Jacobson and Truax, Reliable Change Index (RCI)	The criteria of Jacobson and Truax: A.Change from pre- to post-assessment is statistically reliable at the 5%-level. (RCI). B. The patient's post-treatment score is within the distribution of the normal population defined as M+2Standard Deviation (SD), or outside the distribution of the patient population defined as M-2SD. Non-responder is not fulfilling the RCI. Partial responder fulfills the RCI but not the cut-off score Full responder fulfils the RCI and the cut-off score.	3 and 12 months, 5 years

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Haukeland University Hospital
• Collaborators: The Research Council of Norway; Helse Vest
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Gerd Kvale, Haukeland University Hospital; Principal Investigator: Bjarne Hansen, Haukeland University Hospital; Study Chair: Michelle Craske, PhD, Haukeland University Hospital; Study Chair: Jonathan Abramowitz, PhD, Haukeland University Hospital; Study Chair: Hime A Joeseph, PhD, Haukeland University Hospital; Study Chair: Martin D Franklin, PhD, Haukeland University Hospital; Study Chair: Michael Davis, PhD, Haukeland University Hospital; Study Chair: Lars-Göran Öst, PhD, Haukeland University Hospital; Study Chair: Odile van den Heuvel, PhD, Haukeland University Hospital

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Kvale G, Hansen B, Hagen K, Abramowitz JS, Bortveit T, Craske MG, Franklin ME, Haseth S, Himle JA, Hystad S, Kristensen UB, Launes G, Lund A, Solem S, Ost LG. Effect of D-Cycloserine on the Effect of Concentrated Exposure and Response Prevention in Difficult-to-Treat Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Aug 3;3(8):e2013249. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.13249.

Helpful Links

• Homepage for the OCD-team i nBergen and the national OCD-study

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): November 1, 2015
• Primary Completion (Actual): September 1, 2018
• Study Completion (Actual): February 1, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 30, 2015
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 13, 2016
• First Posted (Estimate): January 14, 2016

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): February 11, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 10, 2021
• Last Verified: February 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: OCD
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Personality Disorders; Anxiety Disorders; Compulsive Personality Disorder; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Anti-Infective Agents; Antimetabolites; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Renal Agents; Cycloserine
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2013-002574-49