- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT02680600
Individualized Cefepime Dosing Study (INCED)
Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Cefepime Administrered Intravenously in Intensive Care Patients
Study Overview
Status
Conditions
Detailed Description
Timely and appropriate antibiotic therapy, sufficient to guarantee adequate antibiotic concentrations in blood and tissues, is one of the most important interventions in critically ill patients with infections.1,2 Cefepime is a fourth generation cephalosporin with broad spectrum activity against Gram-negative bacteria that is used as empirical and directed therapy for severe infections like sepsis and pneumonia. Nevertheless, administration of adequate antibiotic doses is a real challenge in critically ill patients because the pharmacokinetics (PK) of these drugs may be influenced by the complex pathophysiological changes that occur during sepsis.2 Recent reviews described the enormous pharmacokinetic variability of beta-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients.3,4 Therefore, strategies for dose individualization are explored in an attempt to better control a patient's exposure to the antibiotic, thereby potentially improving the prognosis of critically ill patients with infection. On the one hand, several smaller studies have already shown that better outcomes for critically ill patients can be expected with higher drug exposures, at least for less severely ill patients.5,6 This conclusion was supported by the DALI study, a large multi-center prospective study.7 On the other hand, it was shown that insufficient antibiotic exposure may lead to the development of antibiotic resistance.8 This link was initially shown with inappropriately low quinolone exposures, but more recently with other classes of antibiotics including beta-lactams.9,10 In addition to ensuring that plasma levels are high enough for optimal antimicrobial activity and suppressing emergence of resistance, individualized dosing might offer a perspective to prevent potential side-effects originating from toxic plasma levels. This seems particularly relevant for cefepime, a beta-lactam antibiotic, as it was shown that cefepime is an underappreciated cause of neurotoxicity, especially in intensive care unit (ICU) patients,11,12 patients with impaired renal function,13-16 and patients with brain disorders.17 Population pharmacokinetic models provide a quantitative view of the effect of particular individual factors on the plasma concentration time profile of a drug. Population PK models thereby help to establish individual treatment regimen in patients, depending on the specific patient covariates that were included in the model. As cefepime is a hydrophilic compound, drug elimination is mainly determined by renal clearance and to a lesser extent by non-renal clearance. Therefore, renal markers have been explored as the main determinant to predict cefepime variability in population PK models.18-24 However, none of the published PK models was developed using both plasma and urinary data, though having access to both matrices may be an advantage to identify clinically relevant covariates. Moreover, only creatinine-based markers were used as covariates and, up to now, it was unclear whether the newer markers to assess renal function (e.g. cystatine C, uromodulin and Kidney Injury Moleclure-1 (KIM-1)) are more accurate to predict cefepime clearance.
In this study, a clinical trial was conducted to develop a population PK model for cefepime in critically ill patients assessing renal and non-renal clearance separately, based on both plasma and urinary cefepime concentrations. This model then served as a tool to compare the adequacy of six different renal markers as predictors for renal cefepime clearance. After integrating the most adequate predictor into the PK model, the final model was used to evaluate current dose recommendations for cefepime.
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Patient age 18 years or more
- Hospitalized in the ICU of OLV hospital Aalst
- Elected by the treating physician to receive cefepime,irrespectively of the study
- Presence of arterial or central line for blood sampling
Exclusion Criteria:
- Exact time of cefepime administration or blood sampling unknown
- No written informed consent by the patient or his/her (legal) representative
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Treatment
- Allocation: N/A
- Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
- Masking: None (Open Label)
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: Study arm
|
Patients will received cefepime administered per standard-of-care as a 30 min intravenous infusion.
Dosing will be based on local guidelines (the Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy 2012-2013) using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) creatinine formula to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Other Names:
Blood will be sampled immediately prior to dose administration (time = 0 at the start of the 30 min infusion), at 0.5, 1, 3, 5 hours post-start of infusion and just before the subsequent dose.
From day two onwards, samples will be taken at the end of the infusion and just before the next dose.
For the quantification of cefepime, a validated solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry method will be used.
Timed urine collections were taken during one dosing interval (8 hours in a three times daily regimen) every day.
Creatinine (modified Jaffe method) and urea in serum will be determined using an Architect c16000 analyzer (Abbott, Chicago, IL, USA).
Cystatin C will be determined using a particle-enhanced immunonephelometric assay (N Latex Cystatin C, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Marburg, Germany) by use of a BN II nephelometer (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics).
This assay has a calibration traceable to the first certified reference material for cystatin C in human serum (ERM-DA471/IFCC).
Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in urine and uromodulin in serum will be determined using commercially available ELISA assays: Quantikine ELISA Human TIM-1/KIM-1/HAVCR (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and Uromodulin ELISA (Euroimmun, Luebeck, Germany), respectively.
The cefepime concentration versus time data will be fitted using the FOCE-I estimation algorithm in NONMEM® (Version 7.3; GloboMax LLC, Hanover, MD, USA).
R® (R foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria) will be used to graphically assess the model's goodness-of-fit and to evaluate the model's predictive capabilities.
As a measure of prediction error, the absolute prediction error (APE) will be used.
In short, the measured cefepime concentrations for each individual i at time point j were compared against the population predicted cefepime concentrations, i.e. the predictions for each individual without taking into account the between-subject variability (PRED in NONMEM).
The distribution of APEs will be summarized by the median and 90% percentile.
Renal function will be assessed by four serum based kidney markers (serum creatinine, cystatin C, urea and uromodulin) and two urinary markers (measured creatinine clearance (CrCl) and KIM-1, both on timed urine collections).
Serum creatinine and cystatin C will also be used to calculate the eGFR based on CKD-EPI formulas.
Based on the final covariate model, a Monte Carlo-based simulation study will be performed to evaluate the Sanford dose recommendations for ICU patients.
|
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Time Frame |
---|---|
Median absolute predictive error (MdAPE) of population PK model without covariates
Time Frame: Evaluation during a maximum follow-up period of 5 days
|
Evaluation during a maximum follow-up period of 5 days
|
Median absolute predictive error (MdAPE) of population PK model with different renal markers incorporated
Time Frame: Evaluation during a maximum follow-up period of 5 days
|
Evaluation during a maximum follow-up period of 5 days
|
Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Time Frame |
---|---|
The estimated probability of target attianment (%) for the different categories of the Sanford guide
Time Frame: Based on data from a maximum follow-up period of 5 days
|
Based on data from a maximum follow-up period of 5 days
|
The estimated probability of toxic levels (%) for the different categories of the Sanford guide
Time Frame: Based on data from a maximum follow-up period of 5 days
|
Based on data from a maximum follow-up period of 5 days
|
Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Collaborators
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Stijn Jonckheere, Onze Lieve Vrouw Hospital
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb SA, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R; Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including the Pediatric Subgroup. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med. 2013 Feb;41(2):580-637. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af.
- Roberts JA, Lipman J. Pharmacokinetic issues for antibiotics in the critically ill patient. Crit Care Med. 2009 Mar;37(3):840-51; quiz 859. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181961bff.
- Goncalves-Pereira J, Povoa P. Antibiotics in critically ill patients: a systematic review of the pharmacokinetics of beta-lactams. Crit Care. 2011;15(5):R206. doi: 10.1186/cc10441. Epub 2011 Sep 13.
- Sime FB, Roberts MS, Peake SL, Lipman J, Roberts JA. Does Beta-lactam Pharmacokinetic Variability in Critically Ill Patients Justify Therapeutic Drug Monitoring? A Systematic Review. Ann Intensive Care. 2012 Jul 28;2(1):35. doi: 10.1186/2110-5820-2-35.
- Li C, Du X, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP. Clinical pharmacodynamics of meropenem in patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 May;51(5):1725-30. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00294-06. Epub 2007 Feb 16.
- McKinnon PS, Paladino JA, Schentag JJ. Evaluation of area under the inhibitory curve (AUIC) and time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) as predictors of outcome for cefepime and ceftazidime in serious bacterial infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008 Apr;31(4):345-51. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.12.009. Epub 2008 Mar 4.
- Roberts JA, Paul SK, Akova M, Bassetti M, De Waele JJ, Dimopoulos G, Kaukonen KM, Koulenti D, Martin C, Montravers P, Rello J, Rhodes A, Starr T, Wallis SC, Lipman J; DALI Study. DALI: defining antibiotic levels in intensive care unit patients: are current beta-lactam antibiotic doses sufficient for critically ill patients? Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Apr;58(8):1072-83. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu027. Epub 2014 Jan 14.
- Roberts JA, Kruger P, Paterson DL, Lipman J. Antibiotic resistance--what's dosing got to do with it? Crit Care Med. 2008 Aug;36(8):2433-40. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318180fe62.
- Fantin B, Farinotti R, Thabaut A, Carbon C. Conditions for the emergence of resistance to cefpirome and ceftazidime in experimental endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1994 Mar;33(3):563-9. doi: 10.1093/jac/33.3.563.
- Gugel J, Dos Santos Pereira A, Pignatari AC, Gales AC. beta-Lactam MICs correlate poorly with mutant prevention concentrations for clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Jun;50(6):2276-7. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00144-06. No abstract available.
- Fugate JE, Kalimullah EA, Hocker SE, Clark SL, Wijdicks EF, Rabinstein AA. Cefepime neurotoxicity in the intensive care unit: a cause of severe, underappreciated encephalopathy. Crit Care. 2013 Nov 7;17(6):R264. doi: 10.1186/cc13094.
- Beumier M, Casu GS, Hites M, Wolff F, Cotton F, Vincent JL, Jacobs F, Taccone FS. Elevated beta-lactam concentrations associated with neurological deterioration in ICU septic patients. Minerva Anestesiol. 2015 May;81(5):497-506. Epub 2014 Sep 15.
- Mani LY, Kissling S, Viceic D, Vogt B, Burnier M, Buclin T, Renard D. Intermittent hemodialysis treatment in cefepime-induced neurotoxicity: case report, pharmacokinetic modeling, and review of the literature. Hemodial Int. 2015 Apr;19(2):333-43. doi: 10.1111/hdi.12198. Epub 2014 Jul 23.
- Kim A, Kim JE, Paek YM, Hong KS, Cho YJ, Cho JY, Park HK, Koo HK, Song P. Cefepime- Induced Non-Convulsive Status Epilepticus (NCSE). J Epilepsy Res. 2013 Jun 30;3(1):39-41. doi: 10.14581/jer.13008. eCollection 2013 Jun.
- Durand-Maugard C, Lemaire-Hurtel AS, Gras-Champel V, Hary L, Maizel J, Prud'homme-Bernardy A, Andrejak C, Andrejak M. Blood and CSF monitoring of cefepime-induced neurotoxicity: nine case reports. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 May;67(5):1297-9. doi: 10.1093/jac/dks012. Epub 2012 Jan 31. No abstract available.
- Gangireddy VG, Mitchell LC, Coleman T. Cefepime neurotoxicity despite renal adjusted dosing. Scand J Infect Dis. 2011 Oct;43(10):827-9. doi: 10.3109/00365548.2011.581308. Epub 2011 May 23.
- Tanaka A, Takechi K, Watanabe S, Tanaka M, Suemaru K, Araki H. Comparison of the prevalence of convulsions associated with the use of cefepime and meropenem. Int J Clin Pharm. 2013 Oct;35(5):683-7. doi: 10.1007/s11096-013-9799-3. Epub 2013 Jun 4. Erratum In: Int J Clin Pharm. 2015 Jun;37(3):546-7.
- Lipman J, Wallis SC, Boots RJ. Cefepime versus cefpirome: the importance of creatinine clearance. Anesth Analg. 2003 Oct;97(4):1149-1154. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000077077.54084.B0.
- Tam VH, McKinnon PS, Akins RL, Drusano GL, Rybak MJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefepime in patients with various degrees of renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Jun;47(6):1853-61. doi: 10.1128/AAC.47.6.1853-1861.2003.
- Roos JF, Bulitta J, Lipman J, Kirkpatrick CM. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic rationale for cefepime dosing regimens in intensive care units. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006 Nov;58(5):987-93. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkl349. Epub 2006 Aug 30.
- Georges B, Conil JM, Seguin T, Dieye E, Cougot P, Decun JF, Lavit M, Samii K, Houin G, Saivin S. Cefepime in intensive care unit patients: validation of a population pharmacokinetic approach and influence of covariables. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Apr;46(4):157-64. doi: 10.5414/cpp46157.
- Delattre IK, Musuamba FT, Jacqmin P, Taccone FS, Laterre PF, Verbeeck RK, Jacobs F, Wallemacq P. Population pharmacokinetics of four beta-lactams in critically ill septic patients comedicated with amikacin. Clin Biochem. 2012 Jul;45(10-11):780-6. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.03.030. Epub 2012 Apr 5.
- Nicasio AM, Ariano RE, Zelenitsky SA, Kim A, Crandon JL, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP. Population pharmacokinetics of high-dose, prolonged-infusion cefepime in adult critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Apr;53(4):1476-81. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01141-08. Epub 2009 Feb 2.
- Lima-Rogel V, Medina-Rojas EL, Del Carmen Milan-Segovia R, Noyola DE, Nieto-Aguirre K, Lopez-Delarosa A, Romano-Moreno S. Population pharmacokinetics of cefepime in neonates with severe nosocomial infections. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2008 Jun;33(3):295-306. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00913.x.
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start
Primary Completion (Actual)
Study Completion (Actual)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Estimate)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Estimate)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- B126201419859
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
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