Phantom Motor Execution Via MPR, VR/AR, and SG, as a Treatment of PLP

Phantom Motor Execution Via Myoelectric Pattern Recognition, Virtual and Augmented Reality, and Serious Gaming as a Treatment of Phantom Limb Pain

This international, multi-center, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial aims to evaluate the efficacy of Phantom Motor Execution (PME) and Phantom Motor Imagery (PMI) as treatments of Phantom Limb Pain (PLP). In PME, myoelectric pattern recognition (MPR) is used to predict motor volition and then use the decoded movements to control virtual and augmented reality environments (VR/AR), along with serious gaming (SG). The same device and VR/AR environments are used in PMI with the difference that subjects will imagine rather than execute phantom movements. Electromyography is used to monitor for no muscular activity in PMI.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Phantom Limb Pain
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: Phantom Motor Execution; Device: Phantom Motor Imagery

Detailed Description

Sixty-six subjects with upper or lower limb amputations are planned to take part in this study. Subjects will be assigned randomly to PME and PMI treatments (2:1 proportion). After treatment completion (15 sessions of 2 hours each) and follow-up period of six months, patients that received PMI will be given the choice to receive PME. The design is double blinded as the patient will be informed that the treatment received, regardless of which, has been shown effective in previous studies. The person conducting the pain evaluations will be blinded to which treatment each patient receives, and will not take part on providing treatment (evaluator and therapist are different persons).

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 77
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Canada
  • New Brunswick
    • Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 5A3
      • Institue of Biomedical Engineering, University of New Brunswick
• Germany
  • Bochum, Germany
    • Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr - University Bochum (RUB)
• Ireland
  • Connacht
    • Galway, Connacht, Ireland
      • School of Psychology, National University of Ireland
• Netherlands
  • Groningen, Netherlands, 9700 RB
    • University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
• Slovenia
  • Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1000
    • University Rehabilitation Institute
• Sweden
  • Närke
    • Örebro, Närke, Sweden, 701 16
      • Ortopedteknik, Region Örebro län
  • Uppland
    • Stockholm, Uppland, Sweden, 17078
      • Bräcke Diakoni
  • Västergötland
    • Göteborg, Västergötland, Sweden, 41285
      • Gåskolan, Ortopedtekniska avdelningen
• United States
  • Illinois
    • Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60611
      • Shirley Ryan Ability Lab

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 14 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

• Subject must be older than 18 years.
• If the subjects are under pharmacological treatments, there must be no variations on the medicament dosages for at least one month (steady consumption).
• The last session of previous treatments must be at least 3 months old.
• Any pain reduction potentially attributed to previous phantom limb pain treatments must be at least 3 months old.
• Subjects must have control over at least a portion of biceps and triceps muscles for upper limb amputations, and quadriceps and hamstrings for the lower limb amputations.
• The subject has signed a written informed consent.
• The subject must be in a stable prosthetic situation (i.e. satisfied with the fitting of the prosthesis) or being a non user.
• At least six months should be passed since the amputation: acute phantom limb pain cases should not be included in the study.
• The patient subject should not have a significant cognitive impairment that prevents the patient from following instructions.
• Subjects with abundant soft tissue on their stump will not be automatically excluded, however, an evaluation in the system is required to analyze if sufficient electromyography signals can be recorded.
• Subjects for whom skin contact or muscle contraction are painful (NRS > 2) are not eligible for the study.
• The subject should not have any condition associated with risk of poor protocol compliance.
• The subject should not have any other condition or symptoms preventing the patient from entering the study, according to the investigator´s judgement.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Triple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Phantom Motor Execution (PME); Phantom motor execution is decoded via myoelectric pattern recognition and promoted via serious gaming in virtual and augmented reality.	Device: Phantom Motor Execution; Neuromotus - PME decodes motor volition applying machine learning to surface electromyography. Once the intention of movement is known, this is use to control serious games in virtual and augmented reality. A treatment session of MPE consists of: Pain evaluation; Placement of the electrodes and fiducial marker; Practice of motor execution in Augmented Reality (AR); Gaming using phantom movements; Practice of motor execution by matching random target postures of a virtual limb. Step 3 to 4 are repeated for different phantom joints, initially one at the time progressing to several joints simultaneously. A treatment session last 2 hours.; Other Names: Neuromotus - PME
Active Comparator: Phantom Motor Imagery (PMI); Use the same device and visual stimulation as PME, with the difference that participants imagine to perform, rather than execute phantom movements. Myoelectric activity is used to monitor that the subjects do not produce muscular contractions but only imagine the movements.	Device: Phantom Motor Imagery; The only difference between PME and PMI is that in the former myoelectric signals are used to give the participants control over the virtual environments, whereas in PMI the presence of myoelectric activity is used as an alarm to remind the participant that it must imagine rather than execute the phantom movement. In PMI the virtual environments act autonomously to guide the participant in imagination of movement.; Other Names: Neuromotus - PMI

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Pain Rating Index registered at the beginning (1st session) and at the end of the treatment (15th session).	The Pain Rating Index (PRI) is calculated as the sum of 15 descriptors. At the end of each treatment session the descriptors are presented to the patient, who rates each of them with an intensity scale from 0 to 3. The PRI is therefore a number between 0 and 45: the higher the index the greater is the pain. The primary efficacy variable for this study is the change in PRI between the first and the last treatment session.	28-40 weeks, depending on the frequency of the sessions.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Pain Disability Index registered at the beginning (1st session) and the end of the treatment (15th session).	The Pain Disability Index (PDI) measures the impact that pain has on the ability of a person to participate in essential life activities. The index is comprised between 0 and 70. The higher the index the greater the person's disability due to pain is. The secondary efficacy variable of this study is the change in PDI between the first and the last treatment session.	28-40 weeks, depending on the frequency of the sessions.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Integrum
• Collaborators: University Medical Center Groningen; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Ruhr University of Bochum; Chalmers University of Technology; Örebro University, Sweden; Shirley Ryan AbilityLab; University of New Brunswick; University Rehabilitation Institute, Republic of Slovenia; Bräcke Diakoni, Sweden
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Max Ortiz Catalan, PhD, Chalmers Technological University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Ortiz-Catalan M, Guethmundsdottir RA, Kristoffersen MB, Zepeda-Echavarria A, Caine-Winterberger K, Kulbacka-Ortiz K, Widehammar C, Eriksson K, Stockselius A, Ragno C, Pihlar Z, Burger H, Hermansson L. Phantom motor execution facilitated by machine learning and augmented reality as treatment for phantom limb pain: a single group, clinical trial in patients with chronic intractable phantom limb pain. Lancet. 2016 Dec 10;388(10062):2885-2894. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31598-7. Epub 2016 Dec 2.
• Ortiz-Catalan M, Sander N, Kristoffersen MB, Hakansson B, Branemark R. Treatment of phantom limb pain (PLP) based on augmented reality and gaming controlled by myoelectric pattern recognition: a case study of a chronic PLP patient. Front Neurosci. 2014 Feb 25;8:24. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00024. eCollection 2014.
• Lendaro E, Earley EJ, Ortiz-Catalan M. Statistical analysis plan for an international, double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial on the use of phantom motor execution as a treatment for phantom limb pain. Trials. 2022 Feb 13;23(1):138. doi: 10.1186/s13063-021-05962-7.
• Lendaro E, Hermansson L, Burger H, Van der Sluis CK, McGuire BE, Pilch M, Bunketorp-Kall L, Kulbacka-Ortiz K, Rigner I, Stockselius A, Gudmundson L, Widehammar C, Hill W, Geers S, Ortiz-Catalan M. Phantom motor execution as a treatment for phantom limb pain: protocol of an international, double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open. 2018 Jul 16;8(7):e021039. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021039.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): May 8, 2017
• Primary Completion (Actual): March 12, 2021
• Study Completion (Actual): September 20, 2021

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 10, 2017
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 10, 2017
• First Posted (Actual): April 13, 2017

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): June 22, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 17, 2023
• Last Verified: September 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Nervous System Diseases; Postoperative Complications; Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Neurobehavioral Manifestations; Perceptual Disorders; Pain, Postoperative; Phantom Limb
• Other Study ID Numbers: 007733

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No