Effects of Dapagliflozin in Non-diabetic Patients With Proteinuria (DIAMOND)

A Study to Assess the Renoprotective Effects of the SGLT2 Inhibitor Dapagliflozin in Non-Diabetic Patients With Proteinuria: a Randomized Double Blind 6-Weeks Cross-Over Trial

This study tests the hypothesis that dapagliflozin lowers proteinuria in patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Chronic Kidney Diseases; Proteinuria
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Dapagliflozin 10mg

Detailed Description

Despite optimal treatment with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) inhibitors, many patients with non-diabetic kidney disease show progressive kidney function loss, which is associated with high residual proteinuria. Novel treatment strategies are therefore required to further decrease proteinuria and to slow kidney function decline.

Dapagliflozin is a sodium-glucose transport (SGLT2) inhibitor and inhibits the reabsorption of glucose and sodium in the proximal tubule. The increased natriuresis following dapagliflozin administration normalizes tubuloglomerular feedback resulting in a reduction in intra-glomerular hypertension, which is in turn manifested by acute reversible reductions in glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria. Since many etiologies of non-diabetic nephropathy are characterized by intraglomerular hypertension, we hypothesize that dapagliflozin acutely decreases GFR and proteinuria in patients without diabetes at risk of progressive kidney function loss via a glucose independent hemodynamic mechanism.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 53
• Phase: Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Canada
  • British Columbia
    • Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1M9
      • Nephrology Dept., Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute
  • Ontario
    • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2C4
      • Division of Nephrology University Health Network, University of Toronto
• Malaysia
  • Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 5600
    • Nephrology Unit, University Kebangsaan Malaysia
  • Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 59100
    • University Malaya Medical Centre, Ward 8TE
• Netherlands
  • Almelo, Netherlands, 7609 PP
    • Dept Internal Medicine, division of Nephrology Hospital Group Twente
  • Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1081 HV
    • Dept.of Nephrology, VU University Medical Center
  • Groningen, Netherlands, 9713 GZ
    • Dept. Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 14 years to 71 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age ≥18 and ≤75 years
• Urinary protein excretion > 500 mg/g and ≤ 3500 mg/g in a 24-hr urine collection eGFR ≥ 25 mL/min/1.73m2
• On a stable dose of an ACEi or ARB for at least 4 weeks prior to randomization
• Willing to sign informed consent
• Women of Child-Bearing Potential (WOCBP):
• WOCBP must be using an acceptable method of contraception to avoid pregnancy throughout the study and for up to 4 weeks after the last dose of study drug in such a manner that the risk of pregnancy is minimized.
• WOCBP must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test result (minimum sensitivity 25 IU/L or equivalent units of HCG) within 0 to 72 hours before the first dose of study drug.
• Women must not be breast-feeding.

WOCBP comprises women who have experienced menarche and who have not undergone successful surgical sterilization (hysterectomy, bilateral tubal ligation, or bilateral oophorectomy) or who are not post-menopausal.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Urinary protein excretion > 3500 mg/day
• Peripheral Vascular Disease
• Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease or autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, lupus nephritis, or ANCA-associated vasculitis
• Indication for immunosuppressants as per the treating physician's judgment.
• Receiving cytotoxic therapy, immunosuppressive therapy, or other immunotherapy for primary or secondary renal disease within 6 months prior to enrolment.
• Active malignancy aside from treated squamous cell or basal cell carcinoma of the skin.
• Use of co-interventional treatments (outlined in section 4.2 of the protocol) within 6 weeks of screening will not be allowed.

• Any medication, surgical or medical condition which might significantly alter the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of medications including, but not limited to any of the following:

  • History of active inflammatory bowel disease within the last six months;
  • Major gastrointestinal tract surgery such as gastrectomy, gastroenterostomy, or bowel resection;
  • Gastro-intestinal ulcers and/or gastrointestinal or rectal bleeding within last six months;
  • Pancreatic injury or pancreatitis within the last six months;
  • Evidence of hepatic disease as determined by any one of the following: ALT or AST values exceeding 3x ULN at the screening visit, a history of hepatic encephalopathy, a history of esophageal varices, or a history of portocaval shunt;
  • Evidence of urinary obstruction of difficulty in voiding at screening
• History of severe hypersensitivity or contraindications to dapagliflozin
• Subject who, in the assessment of the investigator, may be at risk for dehydration or volume depletion that may affect the interpretation of efficacy or safety data
• Participation in any clinical investigation within 3 months prior to initial dosing.
• Donation or loss of 400 ml or more of blood within 8 weeks prior to initial dosing.
• History of drug or alcohol abuse within the 12 months prior to dosing, or evidence of such abuse as indicated by the laboratory assays conducted during the screening.
• History of noncompliance to medical regimens or unwillingness to comply with the study protocol.
• Any surgical or medical condition, which in the opinion of the investigator, may place the patient at higher risk from his/her participation in the study, or is likely to prevent the patient from complying with the requirements of the study or completing the study.
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding
• WOCBP who are unwilling or unable to use an acceptable method to avoid pregnancy for the entire study period and up to 4 weeks after the last dose of study drug.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Dapagliflozin 10mg Tablet, then Placebo; Participants first received Dapagliflozin 10mg tablet for 6 weeks. After a washout period of 6 weeks, they then received Placebo tablet for 6 weeks (matching Dapagliflozin 10mg). Dapagliflozin 10 mg: Green, plain, diamond shaped, film coated tablet (orally) Placebo: Green, plain, diamond shaped, film coated tablet. Does not contain active ingredient	Drug: Dapagliflozin 10mg; Tablet; Other Names: Placebo Matching Dapagliflozin 10mg
Placebo Comparator: Placebo, then Dapagliflozin; Participants first received Placebo tablet for 6 weeks. After a washout period of 6 weeks, they then received Dapagliflozin 10mg tablet for 6 weeks (matching Dapagliflozin 10mg). Placebo: Green, plain, diamond shaped, film coated tablet. Does not contain active ingrediënt Dapagliflozin 10 mg: Green, plain, diamond shaped, film coated tablet (orally)	Drug: Dapagliflozin 10mg; Tablet; Other Names: Placebo Matching Dapagliflozin 10mg

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in 24-hr Proteinuria With Dapagliflozin for Six Weeks Relative to Placebo in Patients With Non-diabetic Kidney Disease and Proteinuria 500 mg/Day on Stable Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Treatment.	bioequivalence	6 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Effect of Dapagliflozin 10 mg/d Compared to Placebo on Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Using Iohexol Clearance	bioequivalence	6 weeks
Effect of Dapagliflozin 10 mg/d Compared to Placebo on Systolic/Diastolic Blood Pressure	bioequivalence	week 0, 3, 6, 12, 15, 18, 24
Effect of Dapagliflozin 10 mg/d Compared to Placebo on Body Weight	bioequivalence	week 0, 3, 6, 12, 15, 18, 24
Effect of Dapagliflozin 10 mg/d Compared to Placebo on 6-keto-Prostaglandin F1 Alpha/Creatinine Ratio	bioequivalence	Baseline, Week 6
Safety of Dapagliflozin vs. Placebo - the Number of Participatns With Hypoglycemic Events and/or Serious Adverse Events	safety	week 0-26
Effect of Dapagliflozin 10 mg/d Compared to Placebo on Adenosine/Creatinine Ratio	bioequivalence	Baseline, Week 6
Effect of Dapagliflozin 10 mg/d Compared to Placebo on Prostaglandin E2/Creatinine Ratio	bioequivalence	Baseline, Week 6
Effect of Dapagliflozin 10 mg/d Compared to Placebo on Thromboxane B2/Creatinine Ratio	bioequivalence	Baseline, Week 6
Effect of Dapagliflozin 10 mg/d Compared to Placebo on PGEM/Creatinine Ratio	bioequivalence	Baseline, Week 6
Effect of Dapagliflozin 10 mg/d Compared to Placebo on NTproBNP	bioequivalence	Baseline (week 0, week 12), Week 6 + 18 (pooled)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Hiddo Lambers Heerspink
• Collaborators: AstraZeneca

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• van der Aart-van der Beek AB, Koomen JV, Dekkers CCJ, Barbour SJ, Boulton DW, Gansevoort RT, Greasley PJ, Abdul Gafor AH, Laverman GD, Li Q, Lim SK, Stevens J, Vervloet MG, Singh S, Cattran DC, Reich HN, Cherney DZI, Heerspink HJL. Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics and Exposure-Response Relationship of Dapagliflozin in Patients without Diabetes and with Chronic Kidney Disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2021 Apr;60(4):517-525. doi: 10.1007/s40262-020-00956-1. Epub 2021 Feb 15.
• Cherney DZI, Dekkers CCJ, Barbour SJ, Cattran D, Abdul Gafor AH, Greasley PJ, Laverman GD, Lim SK, Di Tanna GL, Reich HN, Vervloet MG, Wong MG, Gansevoort RT, Heerspink HJL; DIAMOND investigators. Effects of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on proteinuria in non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease (DIAMOND): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Jul;8(7):582-593. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30162-5. Erratum In: Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Jun 25;:

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): November 12, 2017
• Primary Completion (Actual): November 1, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): December 1, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 15, 2017
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 16, 2017
• First Posted (Actual): June 19, 2017

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): June 17, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 4, 2024
• Last Verified: January 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: chronic kidney disease; non diabetic
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Urologic Diseases; Urological Manifestations; Disease Attributes; Renal Insufficiency; Urination Disorders; Chronic Disease; Female Urogenital Diseases; Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications; Urogenital Diseases; Male Urogenital Diseases; Kidney Diseases; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Proteinuria; Hypoglycemic Agents; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; Dapagliflozin
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2017003001; 2017-001090-16 (EudraCT Number)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No