Mid-morning Gel Snacks on Subjective Appetite, Glycemic and Insulin Responses, and Food Intake

The Effect of Mid-Morning Gel Snacks on Subjective Appetite, Glycemic and Insulin Responses, and Food Intake in Healthy Adults

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mid-morning gel snacks on subjective appetite, glucose and insulin responses, and food intake in healthy weight young adults.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Food Intake; Satiety
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Control snack; Other: Maltodextrin snack; Other: Whey protein snack; Other: Oat snack; Other: Coconut oil snack; Other: Snack skipping

Detailed Description

23 (14 male, 9 female) healthy, non-smoking human subjects aged 18-30 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 20 and 24.9 were recruited in the experiment. Five gel snacks including a control snack and four modified snacks containing whey protein, oats, coconut oil or maltodextrin were tested. On six separate mornings, at least 3 days apart and after a 12 hours overnight fast, each participant consumed a standardized breakfast of cereal, milk, and orange juice at home, then arrived in the lab 2 hours after breakfast to receive one of the five test snack treatments or skip snack. Subjective appetite by a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) was measured at baseline (0 min) and after each treatment up to 2 h (15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min). Blood glucose and insulin concentrations were measured via finger-prick at the same time VAS measurements were taken. Food intake was measured via ad libitum pizza lunch.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 23
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Canada
  • Ontario
    • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
      • School of Nutrition, Ryerson University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 30 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• be between 18 and 30 years of age
• be healthy, non-smoking and not be taking any medications, including birth control
• body mass index (BMI) between 20 and 24.9

Exclusion Criteria:

• fasting plasma glucose >5.5 mmol/L
• health problems including previously diagnosed diabetes, known or uncertain pregnancy status at screening, gastrointestinal disease, liver or kidney disease
• major medical or surgical event within the past 6 months
• current or recent dieting
• breakfast skipping
• receiving any medications
• menstrual irregularities
• food sensitivities, allergies, intolerances, or dietary restrictions to foods including: cereal, orange juice, dairy, oat, coconut oil, honey, apple, pineapple, strawberry, and pear
• behavioural or emotional problems
• alcohol consumption >7 beverages/week

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

6

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Control snack; Participants received control snacks prepared by real fruits (pear, orange and mango)	Other: Control snack; Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack prepared by real fruits (186.2kcal)
Experimental: Maltodextrin snack; Participants received maltodextrin snacks (maltodextrin + control snack)	Other: Maltodextrin snack; Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack with maltodextrin (271.8kcal)
Experimental: Whey protein snack; Participants received whey protein snacks (whey protein + control snack)	Other: Whey protein snack; Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack with whey protein (201.8kcal)
Experimental: Oat snack; Participants received oat snacks (oat + maltodextrin + control snack)	Other: Oat snack; Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack with oats and maltodextrin (275.8kcal)
Experimental: Coconut oil snack; Participants received coconut oil snacks (coconut oil + control snack)	Other: Coconut oil snack; Isovolumetric (238.4g) gel snack with coconut oil (276.4kcal)
Experimental: Snack skipping; Participants received snack skipping	Other: Snack skipping; no snack

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Subjective Appetite	Participants completed subjective ratings on appetite (e.g., desire to eat, hunger, fullness, prospective food consumption) and well-being at baseline (0 min), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after snack consumption, as well as immediately following lunch.	Change from baseline over 120 minutes

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Blood Glucose Response	Blood was collected at baseline (0min), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after snack consumption, as well as immediately following lunch to observe glycemic responses to gel snacks	Change from baseline over 120 minutes
Blood Insulin Response	Blood was collected at baseline (0 min), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after meal consumption, as well as immediately following lunch, to observe insulin responses to gel snacks	Change from baseline over 120 minutes
Food Intake	Participants consumed an ad libitum pizza lunch at 120 minutes	30 min

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Ryerson University
• Collaborators: The Hershey Company
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Derick Rousseau, PhD, Ryerson University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): February 1, 2016
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 1, 2016
• Study Completion (Actual): August 1, 2016

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 29, 2017
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 3, 2017
• First Posted (Actual): July 5, 2017

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 5, 2017
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 3, 2017
• Last Verified: June 1, 2017

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Insulin; Adults; Appetite; Blood glucose; Snacks
• Other Study ID Numbers: REB2015-405

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No