Functional Chewing Gum in Reduction of Gingival Inflammation

Use of a Functional Chewing Gum in Reduction of Gingival Inflammation

The aim of this prospective randomized 3-month double-blinded single center study is to determine whether a chewing gum device with food additive chitosan, will aid in reducing gingival inflammation by supplementing traditional tooth brushing and flossing measures. Patients with mild to moderate gingivitis will be identified and enrolled in this investigation. All enrolled subjects will receive baseline oral hygiene brushing instructions and a baseline clinical examination of the gingiva. The test group will utilize the test chewing gum three times a day for a minimum 20-30 minutes duration; the control group will receive a placebo gum and use it in a similar manner. We will examine whether daily use of a functional chewing gum enhances improvements to brushing and flossing.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Gingivitis
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: Functional Chitosan Chewing Gum; Behavioral: Oral hygiene measures; Device: Control Chewing Gum

Detailed Description

Periodontal disease remains a prevalent and preventable disease in man. Plaque bacterial biofilm remains the primary etiologic agent of disease; colonization of non-shedding tooth surfaces greatly contributes to initiation and progression of gingivitis, for example. Although there are currently available chemotherapeutic agents to supplement daily oral hygiene measures, one continuous issue is patient compliance. Chewing gum represents a unique delivery device for not only drugs and other agents, but food additives that might aid in reducing bacteria plaque colonization on tooth surfaces. For example, chitosan and chitosan-related food additive preparations have been shown to have some antimicrobial-like properties, possibly in the disruption of bacterial colonization (not -cidal).

NOTE: ALL INGREDIENTS of the "test" chewing gum, and the placebo chewing gum, are generally regarded as safe ("GRAS" label by the Food and Drug Administration), as they are common food components. For example, chitosan is listed in the GRAS database (https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/?set=SCOGS). See item GRN No. 397.

This study aims to determine whether adjunctive use of functional chewing gum will improve gingival inflammation status-retaining clinical gains initiated by professional tooth cleaning and at home brushing over a 12 week period in gingivitis patients.

Eligibility criteria and outcome measures are described in the next section.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 34
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Maryland
    • Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21201
      • University of Maryland School of Dentistry

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 14 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Mild-moderate gingivitis
• Minimum of 20 natural teeth

Exclusion Criteria:

• Significant alveolar bone loss as evidenced by Bite-wings (>3.0 mm cementoenamel junction to bone)
• Requirement for antibiotic pre-medication prior to dental procedures
• Systemic antibiotic use in past 14 days to current.
• Use of oral contraceptives
• Use of anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) or in past 14 days.
• Use of anticoagulant therapy or in past 14 days.
• Poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c > 7.9%)*
• Smoking
• Pregnancy
• Use of any oral rinses such as, but not limited to chlorhexidine, essential oils, cetylpyridinium chloride during the study.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Triple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Functional chewing gum; Subjects given as intervention functional chewing gum device to supplement oral hygiene practices. Functional gum contains chitosan which is a food additive or generally recognized as safe food product. Individuals will use this gum 20 to 30 minutes three times per day. Subjects will brush and floss normally twice a day.	Device: Functional Chitosan Chewing Gum; Chitosan and chitosan-related preparations have been shown to have some antimicrobial properties, possibly in the disruption of bacterial colonization. It is thought that as a component of a functional chewing gum this will supplement in the removal of daily build up of dental plaque on tooth surfaces.; Behavioral: Oral hygiene measures; Patients will be given instructions on how to brush and floss routinely (twice per day)
Placebo Comparator: Control chewing gum; Subjects given control gum to supplement oral hygiene practices. Placebo gum does not contain any active ingredients. Individuals will use this gum 20 to 30 minutes three times per day. Subjects will brush and floss normally twice a day.	Behavioral: Oral hygiene measures; Patients will be given instructions on how to brush and floss routinely (twice per day); Device: Control Chewing Gum; Control chewing gum device does not have food additive chitosan in its composition.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Gum inflammation change	Measure the color of gingiva - use Gingiva Index	Change in color of gingiva from baseline to 12 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Plaque levels (on teeth) change	Measure plaque using Plaque Index	Change in plaque level from baseline to 12 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Maryland, Baltimore
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Harlan Shiau, DDS, UMSOD

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Kaur S, Dhillon GS. The versatile biopolymer chitosan: potential sources, evaluation of extraction methods and applications. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2014 May;40(2):155-75. doi: 10.3109/1040841X.2013.770385. Epub 2013 Mar 14.
• Machul A, Mikolajczyk D, Regiel-Futyra A, Heczko PB, Strus M, Arruebo M, Stochel G, Kyziol A. Study on inhibitory activity of chitosan-based materials against biofilm producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. J Biomater Appl. 2015 Sep;30(3):269-78. doi: 10.1177/0885328215578781. Epub 2015 Apr 8.
• Li Y, Lee S, Hujoel P, Su M, Zhang W, Kim J, Zhang YP, DeVizio W. Prevalence and severity of gingivitis in American adults. Am J Dent. 2010 Feb;23(1):9-13.
• Simons D, Beighton D, Kidd EA, Collier FI. The effect of xylitol and chlorhexidine acetate/xylitol chewing gums on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. J Clin Periodontol. 1999 Jun;26(6):388-91. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.1999.260609.x.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 31, 2018
• Primary Completion (Actual): January 31, 2020
• Study Completion (Actual): January 31, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: July 31, 2017
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 1, 2017
• First Posted (Actual): August 2, 2017

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimated): November 26, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 22, 2024
• Last Verified: November 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: gingivitis
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Periodontal Diseases; Mouth Diseases; Stomatognathic Diseases; Pathologic Processes; Infections; Gingival Diseases; Inflammation; Gingivitis; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Hemostatics; Coagulants; Antimetabolites; Chelating Agents; Sequestering Agents; Anticholesteremic Agents; Hypolipidemic Agents; Lipid Regulating Agents; Chitosan
• Other Study ID Numbers: HP-00073354

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No