Internet-based Intervention for Enhancing the Psychological Well-being of Elderly Caregivers (CareACT)

CareACT - Internet-based Intervention for Enhancing the Psychological Well-being of Elderly Caregivers

This study will examine whether an Internet-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) intervention is effective, firstly, on reducing depressive symptoms, and, secondly, on improving well-being of elderly family caregivers. In our study, we will compare 1) the experimental Internet-based ACT group to 2) standardized institutional rehabilitation carried out in rehabilitation centers and to 3) support provided by voluntary family caregiver associations

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Quality of Life; Depressive Symptoms; Psychological Distress
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Internet-based ACT intervention; Behavioral: Standardized rehabilitation; Behavioral: Support by voluntary caregiver associations

Detailed Description

It is well-known that stress, low quality of life and depression are relatively common problems among family caregivers. The proportion of elderly family caregivers is rapidly increasing which emphasizes the need for new support systems. Internet-delivered psychological interventions are one possible approach, offering benefits as they are more easily to achieve for family caregivers who often are home-bound with their relatives.

This study will examine whether an Internet-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy intervention would be effective, firstly, on reducing depressive symptoms, and, secondly, on improving well-being of elderly family caregivers.The family caregivers' depressive symptoms, perceived burden, anxiety, quality of life, psychological flexibility, personality and physical performance will be studied by a quasi-experimental study design comparing three groups of family caregivers (Group 1, experimental: Internet-based ACT intervention; Group 2, active comparator: Standardized institutional rehabilitation in a rehabilitation center; Group 3, other: Support given by voluntary family caregiver associations). Data collection will be performed at three time points: pre, 4 months and post (10 months).

Secondly, we also aim to examine demographics and psychological variables that could predict change in depression and perceived burden over time (pre, 4 months and post (10 months). A further aim of the study is to examine potential mediators on the effect of the interventions including psychological flexibility and suppression of thoughts. Moreover, we aim to study user experiences and satisfaction of the Internet-based program, i.e., how the family caregivers experience and accept the web-based ACT intervention.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 151
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Finland
  • Jyväskylä, Finland, 40700
    • Gerocenter Foundation for Research and Development

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 60 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria for all groups:

• family caregiver
• at least 60 years of age

Inclusion Criteria for the experimental and active comparator group - depressive symptoms and/or psychological distress

Exclusion Criteria for all groups:

• parallel psychological treatment
• severe mental disorder

Additional inclusion criteria for the experimental group:

- computer and Internet connection or willingness to use a tablet provided by the study

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Non-Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Internet-based ACT intervention; Group "Internet-based ACT intervention" will receive a 12-week Internet-based, acceptance and commitment therapy intervention	Behavioral: Internet-based ACT intervention; The Internet-based ACT intervention is a 12-week program based on the processes of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.
Active Comparator: Standardized rehabilitation; Group "Standardized rehabilitation" will receive a standardized rehabilitation program in the rehabilitation center	Behavioral: Standardized rehabilitation; Standardized institutional rehabilitation in a rehabilitation center
Other: Support by caregiver associations; Group "Support by voluntary caregiver associations" will receive support given by caregiver associations	Behavioral: Support by voluntary caregiver associations; Support given by voluntary caregiver associations

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II): change from baseline to 4 months and 10 months	The BDI-II contains 21 questions about depressive symptoms and their severity. The scale ranges from 0 to 63 and the items are summed (0 to 13 indicates no or very few depressive symptoms, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 moderate depression, and 29 to 63 severe depression).	baseline, 4 months, post (10 months)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Carers of Older People in Europe (COPE): change from baseline to 4 months and 10 months	COPE is an assessment of carers' perceptions of their role as caregiver: negative impact, positive value and quality of support of caregiving in informal carers of older people. It was developed in collaboration with several European countries as a brief first-stage assessment tool to identify caregivers who may need supportive interventions of any kind.	baseline, 4 months, post (10 months)
WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF): change from baseline to 4 months and 10 months	The WHOQOL-BREF instrument comprises 26 items, which measure the following broad domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment. The WHOQOL-BREF is a shorter version of the original instrument that may be more convenient for use in large research studies or clinical trials.	baseline, 4 months, post (10 months)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale: change from baseline to 4 months and 10 months	Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) is a self-reported questionnaire for screening and severity measuring of the four most common anxiety disorders (Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). GAD-7 has seven items, which measure severity of various signs of GAD according to reported response categories with assigned points (Not at all: 0 points; Several days: 1 point; More than half the days: 2 points; and Nearly every day: 3 points). Assessment is indicated by the total score (min 0, max 21). Higher GAD-7 scores correlate with disability and functional impairment. 5-9 points indicate moderate anxiety, 10-14 moderate and >15 severe anxiety.	baseline, 4 months, post (10 months)
Sense of Coherence (SOC-13): change from baseline to 4 months and 10 months	The SOC-13 is derived from the original 29-item scale measuring different aspects of sense coherence. Responses are made on a 7-point scale.The SOC-13 scale has three components: Comprehensibility (items 2, 6, 8, 9, 11; min 5, max 35), Manageability (items 3, 5, 10, 13; min 4, max 28) and Meaningfulness (items 1, 4, 7, 12; min 4, max 28) with higher scores indicating better outcomes. This scale is rated on a 7-point likert scale, a total score can also be used and the coding for items 1, 2, 3, 7 and 10 should be reversed. The subscales are combined to compute a total score. SOC scores range from 13 to 91 with higher scores indicating a better outcome: more sense of coherence.	baseline, 4 months, post (10 months)
Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II): change from baseline to 4 months and 10 months	The AAQ-II is a measure with seven questions to be answered on a scale of 1 (never true) to 7 (always true) participant's willingness to be in contact with negative private events, acceptance of these events, and whether they can live in accordance with their values. Summation of the scores results in a total mark ranging from 7 to 49, whereby a higher score indicates means a higher level of psychological flexibility, e.g. higher acceptance.	baseline, 4 months, post (10 months)
Experiential Avoidance in Caregiving Questionnaire (EACQ): change from baseline to 4 months and 10 months	The EACQ is a scale measuring experiential avoidance in the caregiving context: 1. Active Avoidant Behaviors, 2) Intolerance of Negative Thoughts and Emotions Towards the Relative and 3) Apprehension Concerning Negative Internal Experiences Related to Caregiving. The questionnaire consists of 15 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Each statement can be answered by 1: not at all, 2: a little, 3: somewhat, 4: often and 5: a lot. Factor 1 is made up of 6 items that measure caregivers' behaviors for avoiding negative thoughts related to caregiving (min 5, max 25). Factor 2 include 4 items with content related to rigid verbal thinking about negative emotions/thoughts with regard to the care-recipient (min 4, max 20), the factor 3 composes of 5 items referring to reluctant attitudes towards negative thoughts regarding the relative (min 5, max 25). The subscales are summed to compute a total score. Higher values represent more avoidance, e.g. worse outcome.	baseline, 4 months, post (10 months)
White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI): change from baseline to 4 months and 10 months	The WBSI is a 15-item questionnaire that is designed to measure thought suppression. Chronic thoughts suppression is related to obsessive thinking and negative affect associated with depression and anxiety. The scoring of the WBSI is based on a 5 point scale from Strongly disagree (1) to Strongly agree (5). The total score (range from 15 to 75) is obtained by summing up the responses that are provided by respondents. Higher scores on the WBSI indicate greater tendencies to suppress thoughts.	baseline, 4 months, post (10 months)
The 'Short Five' (S5): change from baseline to 4 months and 10 months	The Short Five personality questionnaire is a 60-item questionnaire constructed for measuring 30 facets of the Five-Factor Model	baseline, 4 months, post (10 months)
Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB): change from baseline to 4 months and 10 months	The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) is a group of measures that combines the results of the gait speed, chair stand and balance tests (Guralnik et al., 2000). It has been used as a predictive tool for possible disability and can aid in the monitoring of function in older people. The scores range from 0 (worst performance) to 12 (best performance). The SPPB has been shown to have predictive validity showing a gradient of risk for mortality, nursing home admission, and disability.	baseline, 4 months, post (10 months)

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
User experiences questionnaire (developed by the research group)	The questionnaire developed by the research group includes 9 questions investigating experiences of the intervention as a whole and assessed its most beneficial aspects. The first five questions are using a scale from 1 to 10 with answer options such as 1 = very unsatisfied, 10 = very satisfied (question 1); 1 = not at all important, 10 = very important (question 2 and 4); 1 = very satisfied, 10 = not at all satisfied (question 3); 1 = has deteriorated,10 = has improved remarkably (question 5). Question 6 assesses the current well-being situation including 7 options. Question 7 assesses weekly time spent in the web program with 4 different options (less than 1 hour, between 1-2 hours, 2-3 hours and more than 3 hours). The 2 last questions are open-ended questions.	4 months (only experimental group)
Closing interview (developed by the research group) questions	The questionnaire includes 9 questions investigating caregiver experiences with the web-based program. 5 of the questions are open-ended questions, 3 questions are close-ended questions which can be answered with Yes or No. Examples for questions: Question 1: What kind of experience was it to participate in this program? Question 3:What have you learned from this program?. Question 4: Was the program easy to use? One question (Would you recommend the web-program to other family caregivers?) includes a scale from 1 (not at all) to 10 (very likely).	4 months (only experimental group)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: The Gerocenter Foundation for Research and Development
• Investigators: Study Director: Riku Nikander, Professor, Gerocenter Foundation for Research and Development

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Lappalainen P, Pakkala I, Nikander R. CareACT - internet-based intervention for enhancing the psychological well-being of elderly caregivers - a study protocol of a controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2019 Mar 5;19(1):72. doi: 10.1186/s12877-019-1071-9.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 1, 2016
• Primary Completion (Actual): October 31, 2018
• Study Completion (Actual): October 31, 2018

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 12, 2017
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 4, 2018
• First Posted (Actual): January 5, 2018

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 19, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 18, 2019
• Last Verified: April 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; Family caregivers; Depressive symptoms; Internet-based intervention; Psychological wellbeing
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Behavioral Symptoms; Depression
• Other Study ID Numbers: 3E/2016

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No