- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT03476772
Nalbuphine Plus Caudal Bupivacaine in Hypospadius Repair
Nalbuphine as an Adjuvant to Caudal Bupivacaine for Postoperative Analgesia in Children Undergoing Hypospadius Repair
Caudal aneasthesia for pediatric surgery was first reported in 1933. Since then, studies have described the indications for pediatric caudal block, the level of analgesia, doses, advantages and disadvantages of this technique.
In children, caudal anesthesia is most effectively used as adjunct to general aneasthesia and has an opioid-sparing effect, permitting faster and smoother emergence from aneasthesia.
A single shot caudal anesthesia provides relatively brief analgesia for 4 to 8 hours depending on the agent used. Prolongation of anesthesia can be achieved by adding various adjuvants, such as opioids and nonopioids such as clonidine, ketamine, midazolam, and neostigmine,with varying degrees of success.
Study Overview
Detailed Description
The somatic innervation of the lower urogenital system arises principally from the spinal nerves sacral 2 to sacral 4 by way of the pudendal nerve. After passing under the sacrospinous ligament and over the sacrotuberous ligament through Alcock's canal, the pudendal nerve passes through the transverse perineal muscle to course on the dorsum of the penis as the dorsal nerve of the penis. The dorsal nerve of the penis is thought to be a sensory nerve. The autonomic innervation of the penis arises from the vesical and prostatic plexus, which is composed of sympathetic nerves from lumbar 1 and lumbar 2, and parasympathetic nerves from sacral 2 to sacral 4. The cavernosal nerve leaves the pelvis between the transverse perineal muscles and the membranous urethra before passing beneath the arch of pubis to supply each corporal body.
After the pudendal nerve leaves the pudendal canal, two main terminal branches arise, the inferior rectal and the perineal nerves. The function of the inferior rectal nerve is motor innervation of external anal sphincter and is thought to be devoid of urogenital function. Sensory portions of the inferior rectal nerve are important for perianal skin sensation. The perineal nerve has both a motor and sensory component. The motor efferents are known to innervate the pelvic musculature, mainly the bulbospongiosus muscle. To achieve complete anesthesia (analgesia) for hypospadius repair, afferent blockade must be complete at lumbar 1 through sacral 4.
Nalbuphine is a mixed k-agonist and µ-antagonist opioid of the phenanthrene group; it is related chemically to naloxone and oxymorphone. Nalbuphine leads to activation of spinal and supraspinal opioid receptors which leads to good analgesia with minimal sedation, minimal nausea and vomiting, less respiratory depression and stable cardiovascular functions. Safety and efficacy of nalbuphine have been established in the clinical field and its safety and efficacy also established via the epidural route. Nalbuphine was also added in epidural analgesia for adults and provided an increase in the efficacy and the duration of postoperative analgesia. The effect of nalbuphine addition in caudal anesthesia in pediatrics is not well established.
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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Assiut, Egypt
- Faculty of medicine
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Male children undergoing hypospadius repair, with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Guardians refusal.
Contraindication to caudal block such as:
- Patients with congenital anomalies at the lower spine or meninges.
- Patients with increased intracranial pressure.
- Patients with skin infection at the site of injection.
- Patients with bleeding diathesis.
- Know allergy to any drug used in this study.
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Treatment
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
- Masking: Double
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
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No Intervention: A
children undergoing hypospadius repair given 1 ml/kg of bupivicaine 0.25 % via caudal route to achieve post operative analgesia
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Active Comparator: B
children undergoing hypospadius repair given 1 ml/kg of bupivicaine 0.25 % plus 0.1 mg nalbuphine via caudal route to achieve post operative analgesia
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Children will be randomly assigned into 2 groups of 30 patients each.
They will receive caudal anesthesia using bupivacaine 0.25% 1ml/kg plus 2 ml normal saline in the control group, bupivacaine 0.25% 1ml/kg plus nalbuphine 0.1 mg/kg in 2 ml solution in the nalbuphine group.
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What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
post operative pain measurement
Time Frame: 24 hours
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Postoperative pain intensity Measured by Face, Legs, Activity, Cry & consolability (FLACC) pain scale
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24 hours
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Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- de Beer DA, Thomas ML. Caudal additives in children--solutions or problems? Br J Anaesth. 2003 Apr;90(4):487-98. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeg064. No abstract available.
- SPIEGEL P. Caudal anesthesia in pediatric surgery: a preliminary report. Anesth Analg. 1962 Mar-Apr;41:218-21. No abstract available.
- Lake CL, Duckworth EN, DiFazio CA, Durbin CG, Magruder MR. Cardiovascular effects of nalbuphine in patients with coronary or valvular heart disease. Anesthesiology. 1982 Dec;57(6):498-503. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198212000-00012.
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
Primary Completion (Actual)
Study Completion (Actual)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- NBCH
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.
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