The Effects of Beverages on Food Liking

November 17, 2018 updated by: Hollie Raynor, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville

The Effects of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on Energy Intake

The use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in replacement of nutritive sweeteners (NS) could be a potential weight loss strategy as it may reduce energy intake. One concern with the replacement of NS with NNS is the risk of caloric compensation after consumption of NNS. Most studies have examined the effect of NNS foods and beverages on energy intake in the short-term (one-day or less), with results suggesting lack of compensation in the very short-term (less than one day), and then compensation, or over compensation, when the NNS products are consumed on one day with measures of energy intake taken over 1 to 2 days (Anton et al., 2010; Lavin et al., 1997; Overduin et al., 2016; Appleton et al., 2007; Piernas et al., 2013). Given these mixed results, it is still not clear if NNS foods and beverages are a beneficial strategy for decreasing energy intake. However most studies have been in lab-based settings, in which participants are consuming provided food at specific times. No study has reported on the effect of NNS foods or beverages consumed over several days and energy intake on these days when participants are in free-living situations.

Therefore, the purpose of this investigation is to evaluate how NNS beverage consumption affects energy intake in free-living situations over a span of three days. Through a 3x4 mixed design, participants will be randomized into one of three groups: NNS beverage, NS beverage, or carbonated water (control). Participants will be encouraged to go about their normal daily activities and not change any other aspect except for drink consumption. One baseline and three, 24-hour dietary recalls will be collected over the course of the study to analyze energy intake. The specific aim of this investigation is to determine if caloric compensation occurs during 3-day exposure to NNS beverages.

Study Overview

Status

Withdrawn

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

At the completion of the phone screen, eligible participants will be scheduled to come to the Healthy Eating and Activity Laboratory for the start of their baseline assessment.

The first session will occur the week prior to the test days. At this appointment, informed consent will be obtained, a demographic questionnaire completed, a beverage questionnaire (BEVQ-15) completed, and an appropriate time and preferred mode of contact (text message or e-mail) will be collected. Participant's height and weight will be collected through an electronic scale for weight and a stadiometer for height using standard procedures (Lohman, et al., 1988). Next, participants will be given the SenseWear armband. Participants will be instructed to start wearing the armband upon awakening on Monday morning and to wear the arm band on their upper right arm until going to sleep Monday night (wear time should be at least 10 hours per day). Participants will be instructed to continue wearing the armband, in an identical manner as on Monday, on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday. Participants will be instructed to not alter their physical activity from their normal routine from Monday to Thursday.

Participants will be randomized to one of the three groups, Coke (NS), Diet Coke (NNS), or carbonated water (control) using a random numbers table. For this investigation, Coke and Diet Coke will be used due to Coke and Diet Coke ranked number one and two as the most popular beverages in the U.S. from 2010 to 2018 ("Sweet! America's top 10 brands of soda," 2011; "Top 10 Best Selling Soft Drink Brands in The World," 2016). Next, participants will receive twelve, 12-ounce cans of a beverage that represents their assigned condition. Participants will be instructed to drink their assigned beverages Tuesday through Thursday, and to consume one beverage at 12pm, the second at 3pm, and the third at 6pm. Participants will be instructed that the beverages need to be consumed within +/- 30 minutes of the instructed time. Participants will be instructed that any other beverage consumed on Tuesday through Thursday should be water. Next, instructions will be provided to participants on how to complete the 24-hour dietary recalls and a two-dimensional visual aid will be provided to help participants in estimating portion sizes. Participants will also be given a detailed schedule about their study participation.

Participants will be called on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday to complete 24-hour dietary recalls. Participants will be sent daily reminders regarding their recalls and wearing the armband via text or e-mail (participant preferred mode of contact).

A final appointment will be completed on Friday in the HEAL lab. The armband will be returned and downloaded, the final recall will be completed, and participants will be debriefed about the purpose of the study. Participants will not be responsible for paying for the SenseWear Armband if they lose it or damage it. Once all data are collected, participants will be given a $25 gift card for their participation. If a participant cannot come to the lab on the Friday of their final appointment, then the last recall will be collected via phone and the appointment will be rescheduled in order to collect the armband.

Study Type

Interventional

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • United States
    • Tennessee
      • Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, 37996
        • Healthy Eating and Activity Laboratory, University of Tennessee

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 35 years (Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  1. The eligible age range of participants will be 18-35 years. The age range for eligible participants was set because research has shown taste sensitivity declines after the age of 60. In 2001, Mojet and colleagues used sucrose and aspartame to test taste threshold sensitivity in young adults age 19-33 years and elderly adults age 60-75 years. Results showed a decrease in threshold and taste in the elderly adults (Mojet, et al., 2001). Sensitivity to the five basic tastes, sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami, begins to decline after the age of 60 ("Aging changes in the senses," n.d.).
  2. Individuals with overweight or class I obesity - Body mass index (BMI) range 25-34.9 kg/m2
  3. Does not participate in more than 100 minutes of structured, moderate- to high-intensity physical activity weekly
  4. Consumes > 36oz of NS beverages daily as assessed by the Beverage Questionnaire (BEVQ)-15 (Hedrick, et al., 2012) - NS beverages include: 100% fruit juice, sweetened juice beverages, energy and sports drinks, sweetened tea or coffee, and soft drinks.
  5. Willing to substitute NS beverages for NNS beverages or carbonated water for a three-day period
  6. Able to complete all study days consecutively, with all study days following usual schedules and activities (i.e. not traveling)
  7. Report a favorable preference for the beverages involved in the study, with participants rating each beverage item ≥3 on a 5-point Likert scale during the phone screen
  8. Reports a usual wake up time of 10:00a.m or earlier on Mondays through Fridays.
  9. Reports no known allergic reaction to metal

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Report of current dieting or dieting within the past month
  2. Report of known reactions to sugar or NNS

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Screening
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Factorial Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Nutritive Sweetener
Participants will consume 36 ounces of Coke daily for three consecutive days.
Other: Nutritive Sweetener
Participants will receive twelve, 12-ounce cans of a beverage that represents their assigned condition. Participants will be instructed to drink their assigned beverages Tuesday through Thursday, and to consume one beverage at 12pm, the second at 3pm, and the third at 6pm. Participants will be instructed that the beverages need to be consumed within +/- 30 minutes of the instructed time. Participants will be instructed that any other beverage consumed on Tuesday through Thursday should be water.
Other Names:
  • Coke
Experimental: Non-Nutritive Sweetener
Participants will consume 36 ounces of Diet Coke daily for three consecutive days.
Other: Non-Nutritive Sweetener
Participants will receive twelve, 12-ounce cans of a beverage that represents their assigned condition. Participants will be instructed to drink their assigned beverages Tuesday through Thursday, and to consume one beverage at 12pm, the second at 3pm, and the third at 6pm. Participants will be instructed that the beverages need to be consumed within +/- 30 minutes of the instructed time. Participants will be instructed that any other beverage consumed on Tuesday through Thursday should be water.
Other Names:
  • Diet Coke
Experimental: Carbonated Water
Participants will consume 36 ounces of carbonated water daily for three consecutive days.
Other: Carbonated Water
Participants will receive twelve, 12-ounce cans of a beverage that represents their assigned condition. Participants will be instructed to drink their assigned beverages Tuesday through Thursday, and to consume one beverage at 12pm, the second at 3pm, and the third at 6pm. Participants will be instructed that the beverages need to be consumed within +/- 30 minutes of the instructed time. Participants will be instructed that any other beverage consumed on Tuesday through Thursday should be water.
Other Names:
  • Control

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Energy compensation including beverages
Time Frame: 3 test days
Dietary intake and beverages
3 test days
Energy compensation not including beverages
Time Frame: 3 test days
Dietary intake without beverages included
3 test days

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

The University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Hannah S Grider, University of Tennessee

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

May 22, 2018

Primary Completion (Actual)

September 30, 2018

Study Completion (Actual)

September 30, 2018

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

June 25, 2018

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

June 25, 2018

First Posted (Actual)

July 6, 2018

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

November 20, 2018

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

November 17, 2018

Last Verified

November 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • UTK IRB-18-04475-XP

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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