Occlusal Splints or Botulinum Toxin?

Which One is Effective in Treatment of Bruxism? Occlusal Splints or Botulinum Toxin

73 patients with myofascial pain due to bruxism were included in this study. The patient were allocated into three groups. Group A was treated with occlusal splint, Group B was treated with botulinum toxin injection, Group C was treated with occlusal splint and botulinum toxin injection together. Temporomandibular Disorder Pain Screener (TMD-PS), Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS), Oral Behavior Checklist (OBC), Jaw Function Limitation Scale (JFLS), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) by palpation of the chewing muscles were administered to all patients before treatment and at 6 months after treatment.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Myofascial Pain; Temporomandibular Disorder
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: Occlusal Splint; Drug: Botulinum toxin type A

Detailed Description

A number of 173 patients were examined for myofascial pain due to TMD in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University between April-August 2018. An informed consent was taken from all the patients after obtaining Institutional Ethical Committee approval. The study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and all participants signed an informed consent agreement. Patients were included in this randomized, blinded, prospective study accordance with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement and the study was performed by blinded three examiners.

Patients older than 18 years with chronic myofascial pain, more than 6 months with myofascial pain, diagnosis of myofascial pain according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) of TMD were included to the study. Patients having intracapsular TMD (disc displacement with or without reduction), a history of any treatment for bruxism, patients taking aminoglycosides, penicillamine, quinine and calcium blockers, pregnant or lactating mothers, having neuromuscular disorder (e.g. Orofacial tardive dyskinesia, Lambert-Eaton Syndrome, Myasthenia gravis), having rheumatoid arthritis, having temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis with radiographic signs, history of previous joint surgery, patients who had undergone botulinum toxin (BTX) treatment before or an allergy to BTX-A were excluded from the study.

The patients who have myofascial pain were diagnosed and examined with using RDC/TMD diagnostic categories I in the RDC/ TMD by first examiner (M.E.Y) and 102 patients fulfilled inclusion criteria. 8 patients did not agree to participate. 94 patients were allocated to 3 groups according to a computer-generated randomization code. Block randomization was done. Patient groups were as follows:

Group A was treated with occlusal splint Group B was treated with botulinum toxin injection, Group C was treated with occlusal splint and botulinum toxin injection together Visual Analog Scale (VAS), TMD Pain Screener(TMD-PS), Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS), Oral Behavior Checklist (OBC), Jaw Function Limitation Scale (JFLS) were administered to all patients before treatment and at 6th months after treatment by third examiner (K.T.S). Patients' pain was examined by palpation of the chewing muscles and the pain was marked from 0 to 10 on the VAS before and after the treatment.

Questionnaires TMD Pain Screener is a self-report, simple, reliable questionnaire used to assess for the presence of any pain-related TMD. Full version with 6 questions were applied. The total score is between 0 and 7. If the total score is between 0 and 3 points, there is no TMD. If the total score is between 4 and 7, there is TMD.

Graded Chronic Pain Scale is a reliable, short and valid tool that evaluates pain intensity and pain related disability with 7 questions. After the scoring, it is classified to 5 grades. Grade 0 with no intensity and disability, Grade 1 with low intensity and low disability, Grade 2 high intensity and low disability, Grade 3 with high disability and moderately limiting, Grade 4 with high disability and severely limiting.

Jaw Function Limitation Scale evaluates the universal limitations on chewing, jaw mobility, verbal and emotional expression. The patient indicates the level of limitation the mentioned activities from 0 to 10.

Oral Behaviors Checklist evaluates the effects of oral parafunctional habits on the masticatory system and the frequency of these habits. Scoring can be computed as the sum of the number of 21 items and the total score is between 21 and 105.

Occlusal splint therapy Occlusal splints are appliances that were usually applied to the upper jaw and covering all teeth and they are made of autopolymerizing acrylic resin. It is produced by using 2 mm thick hard acrylic between the maxilla and mandible as defined by the Okeson. In the centric relationship the buccal cusp tips and incisal edges should be in contact at the same time, there should be canine protection during eccentric movements. The patients were instructed to wear the occlusal splints 12 h/d for 6 months. Patients were called back for follow-up visits at 7th day, 3rd and 6th months after splint insertion. When necessary, additional adjustments were performed.

Injection technique Patients were informed of the possible side effects of botulinum toxin injections and informed consent was obtained from each patient before starting the procedure.

We diluted 100-U freeze-dried BTX-A (Botox, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA) with 1.0 milliliters of sodium chloride, resulting in a dose of 1.0 U per 0.1 mL. We administered all skin injections by using a 1-inch 30-gauge needle. Patients were placed with the Frankfurt horizontal plane parallel to the floor.

Skin areas were cleaned and dried with povidone iodine. 5 points for masseter and 3 points for temporalis were marked. The posterior, upper and lower limits of the masseter were determined for safe injection before injection. Before the injection, the patient was instructed to clench the teeth to make injection sites more prominent and the muscles were determined. The needle was placed perpendicular to the skin. After the aspiration, injections were gradually applied to minimize the spread of BTX-A to adjacent anatomical areas. . Second examiner (A.M.T) administered all injections throughout the study. All injections were performed by the same maxillofacial surgeon 90 U of BTX-A in each participant were performed, 15 U into each temporalis muscle, and 30 U into each masseter muscle.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 73
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Ankara, Turkey, 06500
    • Ankara University, Faculty of Dentistry

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 40 years (ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients older than 18 years with chronic myofascial pain
• More than 6 months with myofascial pain
• Diagnosis of myofascial pain according to the RDC/TMD

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients having intracapsular TMD (disc displacement with or without reduction)
• A history of any treatment for bruxism, patients taking aminoglycosides
• Penicillamine
• Quinine and calcium blockers
• Pregnant or lactating mothers
• Having neuromuscular disorder (e.g. Orofacial tardive dyskinesia, Lambert-Eaton Syndrome, Myasthenia gravis)
• Having rheumatoid arthritis
• Having temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis with radiographic signs
• History of previous joint surgery
• Patients who had undergone BTX treatment before or an allergy to BTX-A

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: SINGLE

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: Occlusal splint; Patients were treated with occlusal splint.	Device: Occlusal Splint; Occlusal splints are appliances that were usually applied to the upper jaw and covering all teeth and they are made of autopolymerizing acrylic resin. It is produced by using 2 mm thick hard acrylic between the maxilla and mandible as defined by the Okeson.
EXPERIMENTAL: Botulinum toxin; Patients were treated with botulinum toxin injection.	Drug: Botulinum toxin type A; We diluted 100-U freeze-dried BTX-A with 1.0 milliliters of sodium chloride, resulting in a dose of 1.0 U per 0.1 mL. We administered all skin injections by using a 1-inch 30-gauge needle. Patients were placed with the Frankfurt horizontal plane parallel to the floor.
EXPERIMENTAL: Both; Patients were treated with occlusal splint and botulinum toxin injection together.	Device: Occlusal Splint; Occlusal splints are appliances that were usually applied to the upper jaw and covering all teeth and they are made of autopolymerizing acrylic resin. It is produced by using 2 mm thick hard acrylic between the maxilla and mandible as defined by the Okeson.; Drug: Botulinum toxin type A; We diluted 100-U freeze-dried BTX-A with 1.0 milliliters of sodium chloride, resulting in a dose of 1.0 U per 0.1 mL. We administered all skin injections by using a 1-inch 30-gauge needle. Patients were placed with the Frankfurt horizontal plane parallel to the floor.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
VAS	Visual Analog Scale:Patients' pain was examined by palpation of the chewing muscles and the pain was marked from 0 to 10 on the VAS before and after the treatment. Higher values represent a worse outcome.	1 minute
TMD-PS	TMD Pain Screener is a self-report, simple, reliable questionnaire used to assess for the presence of any pain-related TMD. Full version with 6 questions were applied. The total score is between 0 and 7. If the total score is between 0 and 3 points, there is no TMD. If the total score is between 4 and 7, there is TMD. Higher values represent a worse outcome.	2 minutes
GCPS	Graded Chronic Pain Scale is a reliable, short and valid tool that evaluates pain intensity and pain related disability with 7 questions. After the scoring, it is classified to 5 grades. Grade 0 with no intensity and disability, Grade 1 with low intensity and low disability, Grade 2 high intensity and low disability, Grade 3 with high disability and moderately limiting, Grade 4 with high disability and severely limiting. Higher values represent a worse outcome.	2 minutes
JFLS	Jaw Function Limitation Scale evaluates the universal limitations on chewing, jaw mobility, verbal and emotional expression. The patient indicates the level of limitation the mentioned activities from 0 to 10.Higher values represent a worse outcome.	3 minutes
OBC	Oral Behaviors Checklist evaluates the effects of oral parafunctional habits on the masticatory system and the frequency of these habits. Scoring can be computed as the sum of the number of 21 items and the total score is between 21 and 105. Higher values represent a worse outcome.	5 minutes

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Ankara University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Ohrbach R, Larsson P, List T. The jaw functional limitation scale: development, reliability, and validity of 8-item and 20-item versions. J Orofac Pain. 2008 Summer;22(3):219-30.
• Freund B, Schwartz M, Symington JM. Botulinum toxin: new treatment for temporomandibular disorders. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000 Oct;38(5):466-71. doi: 10.1054/bjom.1999.0238.
• Lee SJ, McCall WD Jr, Kim YK, Chung SC, Chung JW. Effect of botulinum toxin injection on nocturnal bruxism: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2010 Jan;89(1):16-23. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181bc0c78.
• Guarda-Nardini L, Manfredini D, Salamone M, Salmaso L, Tonello S, Ferronato G. Efficacy of botulinum toxin in treating myofascial pain in bruxers: a controlled placebo pilot study. Cranio. 2008 Apr;26(2):126-35. doi: 10.1179/crn.2008.017.
• Kurtoglu C, Gur OH, Kurkcu M, Sertdemir Y, Guler-Uysal F, Uysal H. Effect of botulinum toxin-A in myofascial pain patients with or without functional disc displacement. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Aug;66(8):1644-51. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2008.03.008.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (ACTUAL): April 5, 2018
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): February 15, 2019
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): March 10, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 25, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 25, 2019
• First Posted (ACTUAL): March 26, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): March 26, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 25, 2019
• Last Verified: March 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Botulinum Toxin; Myofascial Pain
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Joint Diseases; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Muscular Diseases; Stomatognathic Diseases; Jaw Diseases; Craniomandibular Disorders; Mandibular Diseases; Myofascial Pain Syndromes; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Neurotransmitter Agents; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Cholinergic Agents; Membrane Transport Modulators; Acetylcholine Release Inhibitors; Neuromuscular Agents; Botulinum Toxins; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; abobotulinumtoxinA
• Other Study ID Numbers: 36290600/49

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No