Repisodic & Skilled Nursing Facility Preferred Provider Networks

Post-acute Care Preferred Provider Network Skilled Nursing Facility Selection as a Function of Repisodic Mobile Application Settings

This study tests whether changing the relative order of presentation of post acute care skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) in the Repisodic application, i.e., presenting preferred SNFs (P-SNFs) first, increases selection of, and discharges to, P-SNFs and decreases lengths of stay (LoS) for Geisinger patients discharged to SNFs. Along with the order of P-SNFs, the study also assesses whether a short video reviewing the benefits of care coordination in P-SNFs increases patient election to transfer to one.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Skilled Nursing Facilities; Behavioral Economics
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Order of Options; Behavioral: Default Option

Detailed Description

Patients in acute-care facilities (hospitals) who are being discharged to post-acute care skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) currently struggle, in the absence of decision aids, to obtain practical information about SNFs to which the patients must be discharged. The same difficulties affect the attending case managers, social workers, and discharge planners. Moreover, although preferred SNF (P-SNF) networks offer patients the potential for improved coordination of care over non-preferred SNFs (NP-SNFs)-via shared staff across facilities and electronic sharing of information-this aspect of SNF selection is not highlighted or shared with patients according to any established protocol in the post-acute care setting.

The Repisodic application is a technology platform, accessed via laptop, smart phone, or tablet, intended to provide a user-friendly approach to rapid SNF facility identification and selection, with information provided on facility amenities and details, quality ratings, distance, and fit for the patient's needs. It functions in a manner analogous to online consumer search/sort/filter/quality applications, allowing the discharge planner to build a curated list of discharge options matched to each patient's needs.

The purpose of the current study is to test whether highlighting and changing the organization of, or information about, P-SNFs in the Repisodic app increases the selection of, and placements in, P-SNFs, while decreasing length of stay (LoS) at the discharging Geisinger acute care hospital. Our hypothesis is that presenting the P-SNF options at the top of the list (for case managers) and as the only options on the first screen or default map (for patients) will increase selection of and placement in P-SNFs, compared with the default ranking of SNFs (according to fit) in Repisodic. Note that patients presented P-SNF options on the first screen will always have the ability to expand the list to see all options they have been given, thus preserving choice. We also hypothesize that the P-SNF focused presentations will reduce LoS thanks to easier coordination between Geisinger hospitals and P-SNFs. An introductory video describing the SNF selection and discharge process to patients, will be available for optional viewing by patients across conditions. The optional link to the video will be further highlighted and the video will include sections describing the advantage of P-SNFs for care coordination, in the P-SNF focused (patient) conditions. The video, when viewed, may therefore further enhance the appeal of P-SNFs to patients in the conditions in which P-SNFs are highlighted. Secondarily, we hypothesize an overall reduction in LoS (at the acute care hospital) due to the quicker decision making, selection, and transmission processes facilitated by the Repisodic application. In a proportion of cases, patients and/or their caregivers may only have access to the SNF list via paper printout, in which case all relevant SNFs and their key characteristics will be included in the printout, but the map and video will not be available.

The cluster-randomized trial study design will randomize case managers to one of two conditions (Default List vs. P-SNF Top-Sorted List) and patients to one of two conditions (Full List/Full Map/Default Video vs. P-SNF List/P-SNF Map/P-SNF Video). Primary outcomes include P-SNF selection and P-SNF placement (post-introduction of Repisodic) and LoS (i.e., the change in LoS from prior to Repisodic to post-Repisodic introduction). Secondary outcomes include patient time spent selecting a SNF on Repisodic. Generalized linear mixed models will be used to examine outcomes as a function of the conditions, accounting for patients nested within case managers and controlling for potential covariates and moderators at the patient, case manager, and discharging unit level. The findings will enhance our understanding of how patients' informed choice, as facilitated by a bedside decision tool, affects SNF choice.

Note: random assignment of case managers to conditions will occur upon launch of the application (anticipated: January, 2021) and any patients will be randomly assigned starting at that time. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, SNFs are experiencing aberrant operational issues and bed availabilities. Furthermore, many patients who would be discharged to SNFs under normal circumstances are being sent home instead. In order to improve generalizability of the present study to post-pandemic circumstances, formal data collection to assess the impact of the intervention on primary outcomes will begin after a "pandemic alleviation" benchmark has been met. This benchmark specifies 25 or fewer average cases per 100,000 over a contiguous two-week period in the top 12 volume counties of Geisinger's catchment area (Centre, Mifflin, Juniata, Perry, Cumberland, Union, Snyder, Northumberland, Montour, Columbia, Luzerne, and Lackawanna).

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 5581
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Pennsylvania
    • Danville, Pennsylvania, United States, 17822
      • Geisinger

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Discharging units at Geisinger (e.g., Geisinger Medical Center, Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center, and Geisinger Community Medical Center)
• Patients placed on adult medical/surgical wards
• Patients selected for discharge to a SNF
• Case managers using Repisodic to discharge patients (under the criteria above) to a SNF
• Discharge date occurs after pandemic alleviation benchmark has been met (see Study Description for further details)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Discharges in which the full list presented to the case manager contains no P-SNFs.

Note: If a patient consistent with the above criteria has a caretaker that is interacting with the Repisodic application for the patient's post-acute care decision, the caretaker's behavior will be used.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Health Services Research
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Factorial Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

4

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
No Intervention: Default List (case manager level); In this condition, all SNF options will be presented to case managers in Repisodic in rank order according to Repisodic's algorithm that weights dimensions such as Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) quality metric ratings, distance, and the match between SNF features and specific patient need. The list only includes SNFs that accept the patient's insurance.
Experimental: P-SNF Top-Sorted List (case manager level); This condition is the same as the Default List, except that relevant providers (i.e., those meeting patient needs and located within a threshold distance to be determined per hospital) who are part of the Geisinger preferred provider network will be presented at the top of the otherwise ranked list of SNFs. Situations in which there are no relevant P-SNFs will be flagged yet still assigned to this condition, in an intent-to-treat analysis; the default algorithm-based rank-ordered approach will be applied to all non-preferred providers.	Behavioral: Order of Options; Relevant providers who are part of the Geisinger preferred provider network will be presented at the top of the otherwise ranked list of SNFs.; Other Names: Choice Architecture
No Intervention: Full List/Full Map/Default Video (patient level); All SNF options, both P-SNFs and NP-SNFs (up to a maximum of 10 by default) that case managers preselected for patients will be presented to patients in rank order (according to Repisodic's algorithm, as described above). Patients will also have the option of viewing the default Repisodic map, which will show the SNFs on the list, and patients will be provided the link to an introductory video presenting the SNF selection and discharge process. When only a paper printout is available, the same SNF sorting order will be presented on paper.
Experimental: P-SNF List/P-SNF Map/P-SNF Video (patient level); This is the same as the Full List condition, except that both the list and the map will present only the P-SNFs, with a button allowing patients to view all results only if they opt to do so. Moreover, the link to viewing the optional introductory video will be highlighted, and the video will include sections describing the advantage of P-SNFs for care coordination. When only a paper printout is available, the same SNF sorting order will be presented on paper, with only the P-SNFs presented on the first page.	Behavioral: Default Option; Both the list and the map will present only the P-SNFs, with a button allowing patients to view all results only if they opt to do so. The optional P-SNF advantage video will be included and the link to it highlighted.; Other Names: Choice Architecture; Order of Options

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Overall LoS (system/case manager level)	Difference in LoS (in days) for patients as a function of case manager study condition.	24 months or as long as it takes to reach N=5,000, whichever occurs first
P-SNF placement (system/case manager level)	Difference in proportion of discharges of patients to P-SNFs (out of P-SNFs + NP-SNFs) as a function of case manager study condition.	24 months or as long as it takes to reach N=5,000, whichever occurs first
P-SNF pre-selection (case manager level)	Number of P-SNFs selected by case managers for inclusion in the patients' lists, to assess the direct impact of Repisodic changes on case manager behavior; this is the first decision in the process, before patients' selections and SNF availability factor into the final discharge decision and placement.	24 months or as long as it takes to reach N=5,000, whichever occurs first
P-SNF selection (case manager level)	Number of P-SNFs selected by patients to help assess the downstream impact of Repisodic changes on patient behavior following case manager pre-selection, again omitting the influence of SNF availability.	24 months or as long as it takes to reach N=5,000, whichever occurs first
P-SNF percent selected (case manager level)	Percentage of patients who selected at least one P-SNF, to help assess the downstream impact of Repisodic changes on patient behavior following case manager pre-selection.	24 months or as long as it takes to reach N=5,000, whichever occurs first
LoS (patient/caretaker level)	LoS for patients (in days).	24 months or as long as it takes to reach N=5,000, whichever occurs first
P-SNF placement (patient/caretaker level)	Patient was discharged to a P-SNF: yes/no.	24 months or as long as it takes to reach N=5,000, whichever occurs first
P-SNF selection (patient/caretaker level)	Patient selected a P-SNF for discharge: yes/no. This is a more direct reflection of patient behavior, not yet moderated by bed availability and other real-world considerations that affect Outcome 7.	24 months or as long as it takes to reach N=5,000, whichever occurs first

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Time to pre-select a SNF (case manager level)	Time to pre-select a SNF/SNF list in Repisodic (in minutes), from the time that the case manager first signs into the iPad to when the case manager saves the list to send to the patient. This measure excludes cases in which the task was not completed.	24 months or as long as it takes to reach N=5,000, whichever occurs first
Time to select a SNF (patient/caretaker level)	Time to select a SNF in Repisodic (in minutes), from the time that the patient first signs or is signed into the iPad to when the patient clicks to send the list to the case manager. This measure excludes cases in which the task was not completed.	24 months or as long as it takes to reach N=5,000, whichever occurs first

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
LoS for patients who had a P-SNF as an option (patient/caretaker level)	LoS for patients (in days). Excluding patients who did not have at least 1 P-SNF on the full list they were provided.	24 months or as long as it takes to reach N=5,000, whichever occurs first
P-SNF placement for patients who had a P-SNF as an option (patient/caretaker level)	Patient was discharged to a P-SNF: yes/no. Excluding patients who did not have at least 1 P-SNF on the full list they were provided.	24 months or as long as it takes to reach N=5,000, whichever occurs first
P-SNF selection for patients who had a P-SNF as an option (patient/caretaker level)	Patient selected a P-SNF for discharge: yes/no. Excluding patients who did not have at least 1 P-SNF on the full list they were provided. This is a more direct reflection of patient behavior, not yet moderated by bed availability and other real-world considerations that affect Outcome 12.	24 months or as long as it takes to reach N=5,000, whichever occurs first

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Geisinger Clinic

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): May 28, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): January 2, 2023
• Study Completion (Actual): January 2, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 7, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 7, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): February 11, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 2, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 28, 2023
• Last Verified: February 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Default Options; Order of Options; Choice Architecture; Video; Decision Aid; Mobile Application
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2019-1101

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: YES
• IPD Plan Description: Data with no personally identifiable information will be made available to other researchers on the Open Science Framework for transparency. This will include the essential data and code needed to replicate the analysis that yielded reported findings.
• IPD Sharing Time Frame: The data will become available after publication of study results in a scientific journal and will be available as long as the Open Science Framework hosts the data.
• IPD Sharing Access Criteria: The data on the Open Science Framework will be open to anyone requesting that information.
• IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type: STUDY_PROTOCOL

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No