staRt: Enhancing Speech Treatment With Smartphone-delivered Biofeedback (staRt)

Previous research suggests that biofeedback can outperform traditional interventions for RSE, but no controlled studies have tested this hypothesis in the context of app-delivered biofeedback. The objective of this aim is to use the staRt app to test our working hypothesis that speakers will make larger gains in /r/ accuracy when app-based treatment incorporates biofeedback, compared to a non-biofeedback condition. With a network of cooperating SLPs, this project will recruit 15 children with /r/ misarticulation to receive 8 weeks of intervention using staRt. Individual sessions will be randomly assigned to include or exclude the visual biofeedback display. Randomization tests will be used to evaluate, for each individual, whether larger increments of change are associated with biofeedback and non-biofeedback sessions.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Speech Sound Disorder
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Visual-acoustic biofeedback; Behavioral: Traditional articulation treatment

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 15
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • New York
    • New York, New York, United States, 10012
      • New York University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 8 years to 15 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Normal performance on a pure-tone hearing screening at 20 dB HL, a screening examination of oral-motor structure and function, and a test of receptive language.

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of major behavioral, neurological, or hearing impairment, per parent and/or SLP report.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Visual-acoustic biofeedback	Behavioral: Visual-acoustic biofeedback; In visual-acoustic biofeedback treatment, the elements of traditional treatment (auditory models and verbal descriptions of articulator placement) are enhanced with a dynamic display of the speech signal in the form of the real-time LPC (Linear Predictive Coding) spectrum generated by the staRt app. Because correct vs incorrect productions of /r/ contrast acoustically in the frequency of the third formant (F3), participants will be cued to make their real-time LPC spectrum match a visual target characterized by a low F3 frequency. They will be encouraged to attend to the visual display while adjusting the placement of their articulators and observing how those adjustments impact F3. Knowledge of performance feedback will typically involve reference to the location of the third peak or 'bump' on the visual display.
Active Comparator: Traditional articulation treatment	Behavioral: Traditional articulation treatment; Traditional articulation treatment involves providing auditory models and verbal descriptions of correct articulator placement, then cueing repetitive motor practice. Images and diagrams of the vocal tract can be used as visual aids; however, no real-time visual display of articulatory or acoustic information will be made available. Knowledge of performance feedback could describe either the desired articulator placement or the auditory quality of the target sound.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
F3-F2 Distance, an Acoustic Measure That Correlates With Perceptual Accuracy of /r/, Measured From /r/ Sounds Produced in Treatment Sessions.	From recordings of words containing /r/ produced during treatment sessions, the sound /r/ was flagged for measurement and the first three formants (F1, F2, F3) were extracted from the center of the /r/ interval. The distance between the second and third formants (F3-F2) was used as the index of rhoticity. F3-F2 is small in perceptually accurate /r/, larger values indicate lower accuracy. Summary statistics report the mean and standard deviation of normalized F3-F2 distance for each treatment condition, pooled across participants and sessions. A two-tailed paired-samples t-test (superiority criterion) was used to compare mean F3-F2 distance for each treatment condition across subjects.	F3-F2 distance was measured in all 16 treatment sessions (eight of each type), which were administered over eight weeks.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: New York University
• Collaborators: National Institutes of Health (NIH); National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): April 4, 2018
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 31, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): February 28, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 15, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 13, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): July 17, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 3, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 27, 2023
• Last Verified: December 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: motor development; speech; articulation
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Communication Disorders; Speech Sound Disorder
• Other Study ID Numbers: staRt single-case; R41DC016778 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No