Comparison of the Postprandial Glycemic and Insulinemic Response After a Fibersym Containing Cookie With a Control

Comparison of Postprandial Glycemic and Insulinemic Response to a Cookie With or Without Added Fibersym After Three Days of Pre-feeding: An Acute Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Fibersym® is a RS4-type resistant modified wheat starch in which over 85% of the total starch is resistant starch as measured by AOAC method 991.43. It is meant to be consumed on a regular basis and doses up to 33g/day can be tolerated. The effect of a Fibersym-containing meal on postprandial glucose and insulin levels when compared to a control meal, where both meals contain the same amount of available carbohydrate, is not known. This study therefore investigated the acute effect of a Fibersym cookie and a control cookie matched for available carbohydrate after a 3-day habituation period.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Postprandial Hyperglycemia
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Control cookie; Other: Fibersym

Detailed Description

The study used a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design.

Visit 1: Participants willing to be considered were invited to come to the research centre to have the study procedures explained to them and be given a copy of the consent form which they may either sign then, take away to sign at a later date, or decline to participate. Participants were encouraged to ask any questions they may have and not to sign the consent form until all of their questions have been answered to their satisfaction. Those who consented to participate came to the research centre for a pre-selection visit when subject eligibility will be determined. A number of parameters were assessed including blood pressure, weight, height, BMI, and brief medical history.

Visit 2-3: Each eligible subject received one of the treatments at visit 2 and the other at visit 3. The order of the 2 treatments was randomized using an online randomization calculator. The interval between visits was no less than 6 days and no more than 4 weeks. Prior to each visit there was a 3-day pre-feeding period during which subjects consumed either 108.9g Control Cookies (approx. 3.5 cookies) per day or 136.2 g of Fibersym Cookies (approx. 4 cookies) per day (delivering 29 g fiber from Fibersym/day) according to the randomized order. Cookies were consumed with each main meal (breakfast, lunch and dinner).

Subjects were provided with a calorie appropriate, standard frozen dinner to be consumed on the evening before each visit. On the day of each visit, participants came to GI Labs in the morning after a 10-12 h overnight fast (except for water). Two (2) fasting fingerprick blood samples were collected at -5 min and 0 min. Each sample consisted of 2 vials, one for glucose analysis and one for insulin analysis (4-8 drops of blood each). Questionnaires to record satiety and GI symptoms were administered. Participants were then a 40g available carbohydrate protion of the same type of cookie (Control or Fibersym) they had been consuming over the past 3 days containing together with 250 ml of water and instructed to consume them over 15 minutes. Additional blood samples were collected 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after the start of the test meal. Satiety questionnaires were administered at the same time intervals. GI symptom questionnaires were filled out at 2 h in addition to fasting.

Test Foods:

The sugar snap cookie formula (Control) was obtained from the American Institute of Baking (AIB) International (Manhattan, KS). Fibersym RW (Appendix 1) was added as an extra portion to the Control Cookie recipe, amounts were adjusted so that both the control and Fibersym cookie portions contained the same amount of available carbohydrate (ingredients are listed in appendix 1). Both cookies were baked at the facilities of AIB. The macronutrient composition of baked cookies was determined by an independent laboratory and the final weights of the cookies fed were adjusted accordingly.

To maintain blinding, the cookies were re-packaged by a GI Labs staff member not involved in the clinical trial. Product label displayed the subject number, subject initials, product ID, ingredients statement, GIL repacked date, expiration date, researcher name and telephone number, investigational use statement, and allergy warnings (if needed). Study Product Intake Logs were completed upon dispensation of study product to each subject. After the data had been entered, checked for errors and the database locked, the code was broken.

Participants were asked to maintain stable dietary and activity habits throughout their participation and to refrain from drinking alcohol and from unusual levels of food intake or physical activity for 24 h before each test. Subjects were asked to complete a 3- day record of supplement consumption and whether they consumed the standard evening meal, in addition to a 3-day symptom diary before each test visit. If any subject was not feeling well or had not complied with the preceding experimental conditions, the test was not carried out and was rescheduled for another day.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 16
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Canada
  • Ontario
    • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5C 2N8
      • Glycemic Index Laboratories, Inc

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 75 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Male or non-pregnant females, 18-75 years of age, inclusive
• Body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 35 kg/m² inclusive at screening.
• Systolic blood pressure <130 mm Hg; Diastolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg.
• Willing to maintain habitual diet, physical activity pattern, and body weight throughout the trial.
• Willing to abstain from strenuous exercise, or consume alcoholic drinks 24 hours before study days.
• Absence of health conditions that would prevent fulfillment of study requirements as judged by the Investigator on the basis of medical history.
• Understanding the study procedures and willing to provide informed consent to participate in the study and authorization to release relevant protected health information to the study Investigator.
• Female subjects; willing to use a contraceptive method to avoid pregnancy during the study period.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Failure to meet any one of the inclusion criteria
• Smokers
• Known history of diabetes, gastrointestinal, liver, kidney, or cardiovascular (including, but not limited to, atherosclerotic disease, history of myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, stroke), and pulmonary disease
• Use of medications known to influence carbohydrate metabolism, including, but not limited to adrenergic blockers, diuretics, thiazolidinediones, metformin and systemic corticosteroids within 4 weeks of the screening visit, or with any condition which might, in the opinion of Dr. Wolever, the president of GI Testing, either: 1) make participation dangerous to the subject or to others, or 2) affect the results.
• Use of antibiotics within 4 weeks of start of study
• Major trauma or surgical event within 3 months of screening.
• Unwillingness or inability to comply with the experimental procedures and to follow GI Labs safety guidelines.
• Known intolerance, sensitivity or allergy to any ingredients in the study products.
• Extreme dietary habits, as judged by the Investigator (i.e. Atkins diet, very high protein diets, etc.)
• Change in body weight of >3.5 kg within 4 weeks of the screening visit.
• History of cancer in the prior two years, except for non-melanoma skin cancer.
• Exposure to any non-registered drug product within 30 d prior to screening.
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding
• Any history of an eating disorder (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating) diagnosed by a health professional

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Other
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Placebo Comparator: control cookie; a sugarsnap cookie baked specifically for this trial	Other: Control cookie; control cookie
Active Comparator: Fibersym cookie; a sugarsnap cookie baked using the same methodology for the control cookie but with the resistants starch RS4, Fibersym, added	Other: Fibersym; RS4-type resistant modified wheat starch

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
2-hour Postprandial Glucose Incremental Area Under the Curve (IAUC)	2-hour postprandial glucose incremental area under the curve (IAUC), calculated from blood samples taken 5 min prior to meal, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after the start of the test meal.	2 hours

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
2-hour Postprandial Insulin Incremental Area Under the Curve (IAUC)	2-hour postprandial insulin incremental area under the curve (IAUC) calculated from blood samples taken 5 min prior to meal, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after the start of the test meal.	2 hours
Abdominal Bloating	The occurrence of abdominal bloating (none, mild, moderate or severe) daily before breakfast during the three days of each pre-feeding period and before consuming the test meal on day 4.	4 days
Belching	The occurrence of belching (none, mild, moderate or severe) daily before breakfast during the three days of each pre-feeding period and before consuming the test meal on day 4.	4 days
Nausea	The occurrence of nausea (none, mild, moderate or severe) daily before breakfast during the three days of each pre-feeding period and before consuming the test meal on day 4.	4 days
Diarrhea	The occurrence of diarrhea (none, mild, moderate or severe) daily before breakfast during the three days of each pre-feeding period and before consuming the test meal on day 4.	4 days
Flatulence	The occurrence of flatulence (none, mild, moderate or severe) daily before breakfast during the three days of each pre-feeding period and before consuming the test meal on day 4.	4 days
Satiety Scores	Satiety is the mean of 4 measures, hunger (H), fullness (F), desire to eat (D) and prospective consumption (how much do you think you can eat) (P) each measured using visual analogue scales (VAS) at intervals over the postprandial period. A VAS is a 100mm line anchored at the right end with phrase indicating a high in tensity of the feeling (eg. as hungry as I have ever felt) and at the left other end with a phrase indicating a low intensity of feeling (eg. not hungry at all). For each measure the minimum score is 0 and the maximum score is 100, as measured in mm from the left end. Higher scores mean more hungry, less full, more desire to eat and high prospective consumption (can eat a large amount). The mean score is calculated as (H - F + D + P)/4.	2 hours

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: MGP Ingredients, Inc.
• Collaborators: Glycemic Index Laboratories, Inc
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Thomas MS Wolever, MD, Glycemic Index Laboratories, Inc

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Wolever TMS, Maningat CC, Seib PA, Campbell JE, Jenkins AL. Cross-linked phosphorylated RS4 wheat starch reduces glucose and insulin responses after 3 days of pre-feeding in healthy adults: an acute, double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2023 Sep;74(5):621-629. doi: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2236809. Epub 2023 Jul 20.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): August 24, 2018
• Primary Completion (Actual): October 19, 2018
• Study Completion (Actual): October 19, 2018

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 23, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 25, 2021
• First Posted (Actual): March 29, 2021

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 25, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 20, 2025
• Last Verified: January 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Metabolic Diseases; Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Hyperglycemia
• Other Study ID Numbers: GIL-1852

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No