CombinADO: Evaluation of an Intervention Aimed At Improving HIV Outcomes Among Adolescents and Young Adults Living with HIV in Mozambique

CombinADO: a Cluster-randomized Controlled Trial to Compare the Efficacy, Uptake, Feasibility and Acceptability of the CombinADO Strategy Versus Optimized Standard of Care on Viral Suppression, ART Adherence and Retention in HIV Care Among Adolescents and Young Adults Living with HIV Ages 10-24yrs in Nampula Province, Mozambique

This is a cluster-randomized trial designed to compare the effectiveness of the CombinADO strategy versus optimized standard of care (SOC) on viral suppression, antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and retention in HIV care among adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) ages 10 to 24 years attending participating health facilities. Clinics are the units of intervention allocation and randomization. The control condition will be implemented at all facilities (n=12) participating in the trial. The enhanced intervention condition will be superadded to this at a randomly selected half (n=6) of facilities. The goal of this study is to learn whether an enhanced, tailored intervention helps AYAHIV do better with their HIV care (take their medications, stay in care) than the usual care that they receive.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: HIV
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Radio Ads; Behavioral: Community Sensitization Campaign; Behavioral: Informational Posters; Behavioral: Motivation Walls; Other: Pill Container; Other: CombinADO-specific training for healthcare workers; Other: One Stop Shop Model of Care; Other: Treatment Toolkit; Other: Self-reflection Kit; Behavioral: Peer Support; Behavioral: Informational and motivational Video; Behavioral: Support groups- caregivers of adolescents and young adults living with HIV; Behavioral: Support groups- adolescents and young adults living with HIV; Behavioral: Mental health screening and linkage to adolescent-focused mental health support

Detailed Description

HIV burden among adolescents and young people worldwide is substantial, with an estimated 1.7 million adolescents aged 10-19 years living with HIV in 2019, and 460,000 adolescents aged 15-24 newly infected reported in the same year. Adolescent girls continue to be disproportionately affected, accounting for 56% of new infections worldwide. With increased availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART), pediatric mortality has decreased and healthcare workers (HCW) are now challenged to meet the complex needs of the large number of surviving youth who must cope with HIV as a chronic, highly stigmatized, and transmittable illness. There are 1.8 billion people between ages 10 and 24 and it is projected that the number of people <20 years will double by 2030. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), youth aged 10-24 years comprise 30-35% of the countries' population. Failure to prevent new HIV infections among adolescents will result in increased numbers of adolescents and young adults living with HIV (AYAHIV) who will strain health and social service systems as they transition to adulthood.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 1715
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Mozambique
  • Nampula, Mozambique
    • Cs 1 de Maio
  • Nampula, Mozambique
    • Cs 25 Setembro
  • Nampula, Mozambique
    • Cs Alua
  • Nampula, Mozambique
    • Cs Anexo Psi
  • Nampula, Mozambique
    • Cs Malema
  • Nampula, Mozambique
    • Cs Muhala Expansao
  • Nampula, Mozambique
    • Cs n1 Nacala Porto
  • Nampula, Mozambique
    • Cs Nametil
  • Nampula, Mozambique
    • Cs Namialo
  • Nampula, Mozambique
    • Cs Namicopo
  • Nampula, Mozambique
    • HG Marere
  • Nampula, Mozambique
    • HR Angoche

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 10 years to 24 years (Child, Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Adolescents and young adults living with HIV (AYAHIV):

Inclusion Criteria:

1. HIV-positive, per medical records and confirmed by health facility staff
2. Age 10 to 24 years
3. Registered as a patient at study site
4. Aware of HIV+ status
5. Provision of signed and dated informed consent form
6. For adolescents under 18 years of age, informed assent and parental informed consent to participate in the study
7. Stated willingness to comply with all study procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Has an acute medical condition requiring immediate medical care

Caregivers of AYAHIV:

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18 years and older
2. Attending a caregiver-specific support group
3. Willingness to be audio-recorded

Healthcare Workers (HCW) and Key Informants (KI):

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18 years and older
2. Involved in the provision, management, or oversight of adolescent-focused HIV services at the 12 specified study sites
3. Willingness to be audio-recorded

For all study participants (AYAHIV, caregivers, HCW and KI):

Exclusion Criteria:

Any other condition, including but not limited to alcohol or substance abuse and uncontrolled medical condition and/or allergies, that, in the opinion of the study team, would preclude informed consent, make study participation unsafe, complicate interpretation of study outcome data, or otherwise interfere with achieving the study objectives would make the patient unsuitable for the study or unable/unwilling to comply with the study requirements.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Health Services Research
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Enhanced Standard of Care; To be implemented at all 12 clinic sites, includes a set of interventions aimed at optimizing the national standard of care (billboards/posters and radio shows, healthcare worker training, one-stop adolescent and youth friendly services, information/motivation walls, pill containers and tools to be used by clinic staff during clinical visits)	Behavioral: Radio Ads; Engaging radio mini shows that address community stigma and medical literacy through busting common myths with humor and building empathy with heartfelt storytelling.; Behavioral: Community Sensitization Campaign; Large-scale, infographic billboards and posters located in public areas and secondary schools to address stigma, medical literacy and promote community support for AYAHIV.; Behavioral: Informational Posters; Large-scale, infographic posters located in clinic waiting areas to normalize HIV and build confidence in treatment.; Behavioral: Motivation Walls; Interactive, patient-generated posters located in the consultation room where patients can post words and phrases about themselves and their futures.; Other: Pill Container; A discreet pill container to support ART adherence.; Other: CombinADO-specific training for healthcare workers; Comprehensive in-service training for healthcare workers focused on the needs of adolescents and young adults living with HIV; Other: One Stop Shop Model of Care; Model of care that allows adolescents and young adults living with HIV to access a complete set of services, including HIV care, in one central location.; Other: Treatment Toolkit; A guide to clinic visits and discussions on ART and viral load monitoring to help healthcare workers better communicate with patients.; Other: Self-reflection Kit; A simple handout for healthcare workers to help patients reflect on their ART progress and understand the concept of viral load as a measure of ART success.
Experimental: CombinADO Strategy; To be implemented at 6 randomly selected clinic sites, includes all interventions in the "Enhanced Standard of Care" arm plus five additional intervention components, including 1) Mental health screening and linkage to adolescent-focused mental health support, 2) peer navigation support, 3) an informational video, 4) peer support groups for AYAHIV and 5) support groups for caregivers of AYAHIV	Behavioral: Radio Ads; Engaging radio mini shows that address community stigma and medical literacy through busting common myths with humor and building empathy with heartfelt storytelling.; Behavioral: Community Sensitization Campaign; Large-scale, infographic billboards and posters located in public areas and secondary schools to address stigma, medical literacy and promote community support for AYAHIV.; Behavioral: Informational Posters; Large-scale, infographic posters located in clinic waiting areas to normalize HIV and build confidence in treatment.; Behavioral: Motivation Walls; Interactive, patient-generated posters located in the consultation room where patients can post words and phrases about themselves and their futures.; Other: Pill Container; A discreet pill container to support ART adherence.; Other: CombinADO-specific training for healthcare workers; Comprehensive in-service training for healthcare workers focused on the needs of adolescents and young adults living with HIV; Other: One Stop Shop Model of Care; Model of care that allows adolescents and young adults living with HIV to access a complete set of services, including HIV care, in one central location.; Other: Treatment Toolkit; A guide to clinic visits and discussions on ART and viral load monitoring to help healthcare workers better communicate with patients.; Other: Self-reflection Kit; A simple handout for healthcare workers to help patients reflect on their ART progress and understand the concept of viral load as a measure of ART success.; Behavioral: Peer Support; Peer exposure to examples of adolescents and young adults openly living with HIV (AYAHIV) and; opportunities to share their experiences with HIV in one-on-one interactions with other AYAHIV during clinic visits.; Behavioral: Informational and motivational Video; An informational and motivational video that in simple language with engaging graphics that a) demystifies and simplifies HIV, ART, and viral load and; b) emphasizes that people can live long, healthy lives.; Behavioral: Support groups- caregivers of adolescents and young adults living with HIV; A learning, support, and empowerment group for caregivers of adolescents and young adults living with HIV (AYAHIV). Through monthly gatherings, the program aims to foster confidence, and equip caregivers with strategies to support AYAHIV adherence journey.; Behavioral: Support groups- adolescents and young adults living with HIV; A peer-to-peer learning, support, and empowerment group to address loss of hope and improve medical literacy. Through biweekly gatherings, the program aims to foster belonging and confidence, equipping young people and caregivers with strategies to navigate the adherence journey.; Behavioral: Mental health screening and linkage to adolescent-focused mental health support; HCWs will be trained in the use of a brief mental health screening tool focusing on depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Mental health service providers at each facility will be trained and supported to provide diagnostic and mental health support to youth with positive screens who agree to further evaluation.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Proportion of adolescents and young people living with HIV (AYAHIV) with viral suppression (Viral load <50 copies/ml)	Viral suppression among AYAHIV at intervention versus control sites	12 months post intervention implementation

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Proportion of eligible adolescents and young people living with HIV (AYAHIV) attending clinic in a 90 day window from end of intervention implementation, as assessed at 12 months post intervention.	Retention in HIV care & treatment among AYAHIV at intervention versus control sites	12 months post intervention implementation
Self-reported adherence measured using 3-item adherence scale (mean score)	Self-reported ART adherence among adolescents and young people living with HIV at intervention versus control sites will be measured using a three-item adherence scale. The three items include (1) an assessment of the number of days with missed ART doses in the preceding 30 days [0-30 days]; (2) a scale rating of how good a job you did taking your medicines in the preceding 30 days (never/rarely/sometimes/usually/almost always/always) and (3) a scale rating of how often you took your medicines the way you were supposed to in the preceding 30 days (very poor/poor/fair/good/very good/ excellent). For analyses using raw scores, item responses for the three adherence items will be linearly transformed to a 0-100 scale with zero being the worst adherence, and 100 representing perfect adherence. The mean of the three scores are then taken to get an equally weight aggregate scale score. An overall mean from the scores from all participants will be reported.	12 months post intervention implementation
Proportion of participants with detectable antiretroviral (ARV) on dried blood spot (DBS) specimen	ART adherence among among adolescents and young people living with HIV (AYAHIV) at intervention versus control sites, ARV levels	12 months post intervention implementation

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Columbia University
• Collaborators: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); University of Cape Town
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Elaine J Abrams, MD, ICAP at Columbia University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Mogoba P, Lesosky M, Zerbe A, Falcao J, Mellins CA, Desmond C, Arnaldo C, Kapogiannis B, Myer L, Abrams EJ. The CombinADO study to assess the impact of a combination intervention strategy on viral suppression, antiretroviral therapy adherence, and retention in HIV care among adolescents and young people living with HIV: protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Dec 27;22(1):956. doi: 10.1186/s13063-021-05943-w. Erratum In: Trials. 2022 Jan 17;23(1):48. doi: 10.1186/s13063-022-06008-2.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): September 13, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 4, 2023
• Study Completion (Actual): August 4, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 5, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 14, 2021
• First Posted (Actual): June 18, 2021

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): September 19, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 13, 2024
• Last Verified: September 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Adolescents; HIV; Viral suppression; Mozambique; ART adherence
• Other Study ID Numbers: AAAT5971; 4UH3HD096926-03 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: YES
• IPD Plan Description: As required by study funder, de-identified, archived data will be transmitted to and stored at NICHD's Data and Specimen Hub (DASH) for use by other researchers including those outside of the study. Permission to transmit data to DASH will be included in the informed consent signed by all study participants. This data will only be shared after the end of the study.
• IPD Sharing Time Frame: Within one year after end of the study
• IPD Sharing Access Criteria: When the study is completed, access to study data will be provided through NICHD's DASH repository. Researchers seeking to access data stored in DASH will need to follow pre-specified requirements around data access requests.
• IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type: STUDY_PROTOCOL; SAP; ICF; ANALYTIC_CODE

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No