Dundrum Forensic Redevelopment Evaluation Study: D-FOREST Study. (D-FOREST)

The DUNDRUM Forensic Redevelopment Evaluation study (D-FOREST study) is a multi-site comprehensive evaluation of a complete National Forensic Mental Health Service. The study will have a prospective, observational, longitudinal design which will permit the evaluation of benefit over time for individual patients, groups of patients and the evaluation of the benefit in terms of service based outcomes of the redevelopment of a complete National Forensic Mental Health Service e.g. effects on waiting list times, length of stay. The study will systematically evaluate multiple domains of recovery in a complete National Forensic Service, including patients' physical health, mental health, offending behaviours and social and occupational functioning.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Personality Disorders; Cardiovascular Diseases; Obesity; Schizophrenia; Frailty; Recovery; Psychosis; Violence; Type II Diabetes; Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia; Forensic Psychiatry; Outcome Measure

Detailed Description

The DUNDRUM Forensic Redevelopment Evaluation Study (D-FOREST).

Forensic Mental Health Services have a dual role, to treat mental disorder and reduce violent recidivism. Forensic mental health services are low volume, high cost services and therefore it is vital to conduct robust outcome measure studies to demonstrate benefit and effectiveness. D-FOREST is a study comprising the evaluation of a complete national forensic mental health service at a time of significant change, that of the re-development of Ireland's National Forensic Mental Health Service from a 19th century building to a complete national service in North Dublin.

We hypothesise that the redevelopment of the campus from Dundrum Hospital to a new 170-bed hospital in Portrane will demonstrate improvements in two main areas, firstly service wide improvements and secondly patient benefit related improvements.

We hypothesise that the development of the new campus at Portrane will lead to reduced time on the waiting list for admission and reduced length of stay in the hospital as well as sustainable rates of admissions and discharges maintained over the five year period of this study.

We anticipate that the newly expanded hospital will be able to facilitate the admission of patients with higher security needs from the prison settings, and therefore there may be a rise in the security needs profile of the group, while urgency of need for admission on the waiting list will decrease.

We anticipate that patient engagement with group and individual therapy will improve with greater access to therapists as the staff number will expand and therefore measures of therapeutic programme completion and recovery and measures of risk in a broad sense should improve across the patient group. We also anticipate finding improved measures of patient ratings on environmental measures such as ward atmosphere on moving to the new campus.

Repeated measures in the area of physical health, mental health and violence risk and forensic recovery will be taken, at baseline (time of admission to the service) as well as at six-monthly intervals throughout the patients admission journey. These main areas will include structured interview measures of psychopathology e.g. SCID, PANSS, clinician rated measures violence and self-harm risk assessment instruments e.g. HCR-20, SRAMM, and measures of therapeutic programme completion and recovery (DUNDRUM-3 and DUNDRUM-4 scales) as well as overall functioning MIRECC GAF. Physical health measures will include measures of BMI, frailty and sedentary behaviours.

Other measures including ward atmosphere scales ESSENCES and measures of quality of life (WHO-QUOL) will also be offered to the patient group to complete.

A combination of both self-rated and interview based measures to engage patients, and clinician rated measures will be used. This is due to the high rates of treatment resistant psychoses in forensic hospital settings, and therefore to rely on self-rated or interview rated measures along would mean that many of the most unwell patients may not be able or willing to engage. Thus utilising this combination approach ensures that any bias in the results and outcomes observed will be minimised.

Statistical analysis plan:

Statistical methods for primary and secondary outcomes. Time intervals (time in days to admission from waiting list, length of stay) will be measured by median and 95% confidence interval using Kaplan Meyer and Cox regression analyses. Survival analysis will be used to assess factors affecting length of stay.

Patient level measures will be expressed as changes from baseline (typically from the time of admission) using ANCOVA, MANOVA or logistic regression as appropriate with correction for the effects of static baseline variables such as demographic characteristics (e.g. age, sex and ethnicity) or diagnosis including multi-axial diagnoses, neurocognitive function, and legal status. Measures of effect size will be used alongside measures of statistical significance for primary and secondary outcomes. At the individual level measures of reliable and clinically meaningful change will be calculated and proportions achieving this will be expressed with 95% confidence intervals.

Analysis of repeated measures will be used to compare mean scores on measures of physical health, risk of violence, therapeutic programme completion, recovery and overall functioning, at time points in advance of the move of the NFMHS to the new Portrane Hospital Campus and for five years after the move.

Lagged causal model analysis will be used to assess the existence and significance of potential directed relationships between the baseline measures of symptomatology of schizophrenia and violence risk and final outcome namely length of stay.

The lagged causal model approach will be used also to examine the relationship between amount of 'treatment' received and change in outcome measures.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Anticipated): 350

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Mary Davoren, M.D.; Phone Number: 0035312157401; Email: davorem@tcd.ie
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Harry G Kennedy, M.D.; Phone Number: 0035312157400; Email: kennedh@tcd.ie

Study Locations

• Ireland
  • Dublin, Ireland, D14 W0V6
    • Recruiting
    • National Forensic Mental Health Service, Central Mental Hospital
    • Contact: Mary Davoren, M.D.; Phone Number: 0035312157401; Email: davorem@tcd.ie

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

The NFMHS Ireland provides secure forensic mental health services for adult men and women, who require care and treatment in conditions of therapeutic security.

All patients are over 18 years. The majority of patients will have a major mental illness, most commonly treatment resistant schizophrenia, with high rates of polysubstance misuse, personality co-morbidity and physical health issues such as obesity and type II diabetes.

All patients are deemed to pose a serious risk of violence towards others. All patients are detained under mental health legislation, with over 40% having been found not guilty by reason of insanity (not criminally responsible due to illness) of a serious offence.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Admitted to the National Forensic Mental Health Service (NFMHS) Ireland after 1st December 2019 until 7 years after the transfer of the National Service to the newly developed complete National Forensic Service at Portrane, North Dublin, Ireland.

Exclusion Criteria:

• This study comprises a complete cohort of admissions to the NFMHS. All adult patients admitted during the time period will be included in the study, regardless of their length of stay.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Length of stay in the secure forensic hospital setting.	Length of stay in the secure forensic hospital setting	5 years
Recovery from psychosis	Reduction in psychotic symptoms and stabilisation of psychosis	5 years
Reduction in violence	Reduction in violent behaviours, violent incidents and pro-violent attitudes	5 years

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Reducing BMI and sedentary behaviours	Improving physical health measures namely reduction in obesity and reduction in sedentary behaviours	5 years
Improving overall functioning level	Improving scores on GAF MIRECC for measure of overall functioning	5 years

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Health Service Executive, Ireland
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Mary Davoren, M.D., Trinity College University of Dublin

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Davoren M, Abidin Z, Naughton L, Gibbons O, Nulty A, Wright B, Kennedy HG. Prospective study of factors influencing conditional discharge from a forensic hospital: the DUNDRUM-3 programme completion and DUNDRUM-4 recovery structured professional judgement instruments and risk. BMC Psychiatry. 2013 Jul 9;13:185. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-185.
• Davoren M, O'Dwyer S, Abidin Z, Naughton L, Gibbons O, Doyle E, McDonnell K, Monks S, Kennedy HG. Prospective in-patient cohort study of moves between levels of therapeutic security: the DUNDRUM-1 triage security, DUNDRUM-3 programme completion and DUNDRUM-4 recovery scales and the HCR-20. BMC Psychiatry. 2012 Jul 13;12:80. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-12-80.
• Donnelly V, Lynch A, Devlin C, Naughten L, Gibbons O, Mohan D, Kennedy HG. Therapeutic alliance in forensic mental health: coercion, consent and recovery. Ir J Psychol Med. 2011 Mar;28(1):21-28. doi: 10.1017/S0790966700011861.
• Davoren M, Fitzpatrick M, Caddow F, Caddow M, O'Neill C, O'Neill H, Kennedy HG. Older men and older women remand prisoners: mental illness, physical illness, offending patterns and needs. Int Psychogeriatr. 2015 May;27(5):747-55. doi: 10.1017/S1041610214002348. Epub 2014 Nov 27.
• Donnelly V, Lynch A, Mohan D, Kennedy HG. Working alliance, interpersonal trust and perceived coercion in mental health review hearings. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2011 Nov 10;5(1):29. doi: 10.1186/1752-4458-5-29.
• Ijaz A, Papaconstantinou A, O'Neill H, Kennedy HG. The Suicide Risk Assessment and Management Manual (S-RAMM) Validation Study 1. Ir J Psychol Med. 2009 Jun;26(2):54-58. doi: 10.1017/S0790966700000215.
• Flynn G, O'Neill C, McInerney C, Kennedy HG. The DUNDRUM-1 structured professional judgment for triage to appropriate levels of therapeutic security: retrospective-cohort validation study. BMC Psychiatry. 2011 Mar 16;11:43. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-43.
• Freestone M, Bull D, Brown R, Boast N, Blazey F, Gilluley P. Triage, decision-making and follow-up of patients referred to a UK forensic service: validation of the DUNDRUM toolkit. BMC Psychiatry. 2015 Oct 7;15:239. doi: 10.1186/s12888-015-0620-9.
• Kennedy H, O'Neill C, Flynn G, Gill P, Davoren M. The DUNDRUM toolkit draft V1. 0.30. Dublin: Trinity College Dublin; 2016.
• Kennedy, H. (2021). Models of care in forensic psychiatry. BJPsych Advances, 1-14. doi:10.1192/bja.2021.34
• Williams HK, Senanayke M, Ross CC, Bates R, Davoren M. Security needs among patients referred for high secure care in Broadmoor Hospital England. BJPsych Open. 2020 Jun 2;6(4):e55. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2020.35.
• Kennedy HG, Mullaney R, McKenna P, Thompson J, Timmons D, Gill P, O'Sullivan OP, Braham P, Duffy D, Kearns A, Linehan S, Mohan D, Monks S, McLoughlin L, O'Connell P, O'Neill C, Wright B, O'Reilly K, Davoren M. A tool to evaluate proportionality and necessity in the use of restrictive practices in forensic mental health settings: the DRILL tool (Dundrum restriction, intrusion and liberty ladders). BMC Psychiatry. 2020 Oct 23;20(1):515. doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-02912-6.
• Basrak N, Mulcrone N, Sharifuddin S, Ghumman Z, Bechan N, Mohamed E, Murray M, Rajendran H, Gunnigle S, Nolan M, Quane T, Terao M, Hoare T, Kirrane K, Kennedy HG, Davoren M. Risk of adverse outcome of COVID-19 among patients in secure psychiatric services: observational cohort study. BJPsych Open. 2021 Jan 11;7(1):e31. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2020.169.
• Davoren M, Byrne O, O'Connell P, O'Neill H, O'Reilly K, Kennedy HG. Factors affecting length of stay in forensic hospital setting: need for therapeutic security and course of admission. BMC Psychiatry. 2015 Nov 23;15:301. doi: 10.1186/s12888-015-0686-4.
• Abidin Z, Davoren M, Naughton L, Gibbons O, Nulty A, Kennedy HG. Susceptibility (risk and protective) factors for in-patient violence and self-harm: prospective study of structured professional judgement instruments START and SAPROF, DUNDRUM-3 and DUNDRUM-4 in forensic mental health services. BMC Psychiatry. 2013 Jul 27;13:197. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-197.
• Davoren M, O'Reilly K, Mohan D, Kennedy HG. Prospective cohort study of the evaluation of patient benefit from the redevelopment of a complete national forensic mental health service: the Dundrum Forensic Redevelopment Evaluation Study (D-FOREST) protocol. BMJ Open. 2022 Jul 22;12(7):e058581. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058581.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 1, 2019
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): December 31, 2025
• Study Completion (Anticipated): December 31, 2027

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 2, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 2, 2021
• First Posted (Actual): October 12, 2021

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 12, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 2, 2021
• Last Verified: October 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Pathologic Processes; Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders; Personality Disorders; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Schizophrenia; Frailty
• Other Study ID Numbers: HSEIreland

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO
• IPD Plan Description: Due to the uniquely sensitive nature of data from secure forensic mental health services, aggregate anonymised data only will be presented and published. Any access to aggregated anonymised datasets will be considered by request on a case-by-case basis only.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No