Etiology of Black Tooth Stain in Children

Evaluation of the Etiological Factors of Black Tooth Stain in Children

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the presence of black tooth stain (BS) and dental caries incidence, dental plaque scores and to examine the colonization of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp., Actinomyces spp. and Capnocytophaga spp. in dental plaque samples with or without BS. The socioeconomic status of the family, the oral hygiene and dietary habits of the children, medical and dental history of the children were also compared between two groups.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Tooth Discoloration
• Intervention / Treatment: Diagnostic test: Microbiological evaluation of dental plaques with children with or without black tooth stain

Detailed Description

A total of 1000 children aged 3-12 years who applied to the Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University for routine dental examination were enrolled the study. From these group, children with BS (n=44) were selected as the study group. With the same number of the study group, with the same age and same sex, children without BS (n=44) were categorized as the control group. The parents were interviewed based on a structured questionnaire including questions on the socioeconomic status of the family, the oral hygiene and dietary habits of the children, medical and dental history of the children. The presence and grading of BS, dental caries incidence and dental plaque index scores were recorded by the same pediatric dentist (G.İ.). Dental examinations of the children were conducted under natural light with the aid of a dental mirror and explorer. Dental caries scores were recorded according to WHO (World Health Organization) criteria using DMFT/DMFS (decay, missing, filled, tooth/surface in permanent teeth) and dmft/dmfs indices (decay, missing, filled, tooth/surface in primary teeth). All children were classified according to the DMFT/dmft scores; Group-1: caries active (dmft+DMFT≥1), Group-2: caries-free (dmft+DMFT=0). Dental plaque scores were recorded according to Silness & Löe index. The BS scores were classified according to Gasparetto et al. The plaque samples were dispersed in a vortex mixer to obtain a homogeneous suspension and cultivated on selective VCAT medium (Oxoid) for Capnocytophaga spp., mitis salivarius agar (Difco) with 15% sucrose (Difco) and 0.2 units/mL of bacitracin (Sigma, Sigma-Aldrich Co., St Louis, MO, USA) for S. mutans , MRS Agar was used for the isolation of lactobacilli spp. (ref) and Actinomyces Selective Agar was used for the isolation of Actinomyces spp.

All data were analyzed by SPPS 25.0 (SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). In the analysis of data, t test and Mann Whitney-U test were used for the comparison of the two groups. Categorical data were analyzed by Fisher's Exact Test and chi square test. For the significance level of the tests, p<0.05 and p<0.01 were accepted.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 88

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Izmir, Turkey, 35040
    • Ege University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 3 years to 12 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

44 children with black tooth stain and 44 children without black tooth stain with the age 3-12 years old.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Cooperative children with or without black tooth stain.
• Children aged between 3-12 years old.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Uncooperative children.
• Children who had taken antibiotic therapy within 3 months prior to the dental plaque sampling and children with any systemic disease were not included to the study.
• Children having oral disease (periodontitis, oral mucosal disease etc.)
• Children having autoimmune disease.
• Parents refuse to sign the consent.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Observational Models: Case-Control
• Time Perspectives: Cross-Sectional

Number of groups / cohorts

2

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
Group 1; Children with black tooth stain	Diagnostic test: Microbiological evaluation of dental plaques with children with or without black tooth stain; Evaluation of the etiological factors of black tooth stain according to the questionnaire; Other Names: Etiological factors of black tooth stain
Group 2; Children without black tooth stain	Diagnostic test: Microbiological evaluation of dental plaques with children with or without black tooth stain; Evaluation of the etiological factors of black tooth stain according to the questionnaire; Other Names: Etiological factors of black tooth stain

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Salivary bacterial level	Sample collection from dental plaque	6 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Dental caries experience	The dental caries incidence of all patients were recorded according to the dfs, DMFS indices	6 months

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Etiological factors of black tooth stain	The etiological factors of black tooth stain was determined according to the structured questionnaire	6 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Ege University
• Investigators: Study Director: Dilşah Çoğulu, Prof. Dr., Ege University, Izmir, Turkey

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 10, 2018
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 10, 2018
• Study Completion (Actual): December 10, 2018

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 20, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 10, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): February 21, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): February 21, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 10, 2022
• Last Verified: December 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Stomatognathic Diseases; Tooth Diseases; Tooth Discoloration
• Other Study ID Numbers: Ege U. Eth. Com.-17-4/18

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No