The Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the CPAQ-8

The Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire-8

Acceptance of chronic pain is becoming an increasingly important issue in the field of pain management. Many researchers argue that patients who accept pain better function better both physically and psychologically. In many countries, the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire - 8 (CPAQ-8) has been frequently validated and used to measure the pain acceptance of patients with chronic pain.1 However, the CPAQ-8 has not yet been introduced and validated in Turkey. In this study, we aimed to translate the English version of CPAQ-8 into Turkish, make correct cross-cultural adaptations, and validate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of CPAQ-8 by testing it in Turkish fibromyalgia patients.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Chronic Pain; Fibromyalgia
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Turkish version of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire-8 (CPAQ-8)

Detailed Description

Chronic pain is an undesirable condition that affects a large part of the society and increases the psychological and economic burden of the population it affects. Psychological variables are known to be strong in the perception of pain and especially cause patients to avoid activity in order to reduce pain. Individuals prefer to avoid painful experiences when they are worn out in repetitive attempts to control and prevent pain, which ultimately causes pain to become more dominant and destructive, and activities that are valuable to the individual are neglected.1 At this point, accepting pain can be seen as the antithesis of avoiding painful experiences. Acceptance of pain is a strong predictor of low disability in chronic pain.2 The Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) represents one of the ways in which pain acceptance is functionalized and measured in the context of chronic pain. The short form of CPAQ, CPAQ-8, was developed and validated recently and shows the same factor structure, reliability and validity as the 20-factor version. Given that psychometric testing is an incremental process, further evaluation of the questionnaire is desirable, including test-retest reliability and replication of results reported by Fish et al.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 80

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Istanbul, Turkey, 34015
    • Ahmet Kıvanç Menekşeoğlu

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

Patients who applied to our physical medicine and rehabilitation outpatient clinic, agreed to participate in the study, were over the age of 18, had at least primary school education, were diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome according to the 2016 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria, and could speak and communicate in Turkish were included in the study.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients who applied to our physical medicine and rehabilitation outpatient clinic,
• Agreed to participate in the study, were over the age of 18,
• Had at least primary school education, were diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome according to the 2016 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria,
• Could speak and communicate in Turkish were included in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Those who did not agree to participate in the study,
• <18 years old, and could not communicate in Turkish

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire	The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire was used to measure patients' symptom severity and functional status. There are 10 items in the FIQ; each item gets a score between 0-10. The first item questions the ability to perform activities of daily living with 11 questions. Other items question general well-being, ability to work, and symptoms of pain, fatigue, stiffness, anxiety, and depression. The score range is 0 to 100; higher scores indicate severe disease.	01.01.2020-31.12.2021

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale	Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) consists of 14 items. It is designed to assess the severity of anxiety and depression in patients.Each item is scored between 0-3; higher scores indicate more anxiety or depression.	01.01.2020-31.12.2021
Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia	Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) is a 17 item self-reporting questionnaire based on evaluation of fear of movement, fear of physical activity, and fear avoidance. . Scoring ranges from 1 to 4 points for each item, with higher scores indicating greater fear of injury.	01.01.2020-31.12.2021
Brief Pain Inventory	Brief Pain Inventory consists of four questions about the severity of pain and seven questions about its effect on daily functions. The inventory assesses an individual's walking, exercise, sleep, emotional state, general activity status, social relations, and joy in the last 24 hours. Each item gets scored between 0 and 10, ; higher scores indicate severe disease.	01.01.2020-31.12.2021

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Istanbul University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Fish RA, Hogan MJ, Morrison TG, Stewart I, McGuire BE. Willing and able: a closer look at pain Willingness and Activity Engagement on the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ-8). J Pain. 2013 Mar;14(3):233-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.11.004.
• Fish RA, McGuire B, Hogan M, Morrison TG, Stewart I. Validation of the chronic pain acceptance questionnaire (CPAQ) in an Internet sample and development and preliminary validation of the CPAQ-8. Pain. 2010 Jun;149(3):435-443. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.12.016. Epub 2010 Feb 25.
• Kleinebrecht J, Degenhardt KH, Franz J, Schneider G. Variability of limb malformations induced by 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine in mice. Teratology. 1972 Jun;5(3):295-301. doi: 10.1002/tera.1420050304. No abstract available.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 1, 2020
• Primary Completion (Actual): January 1, 2020
• Study Completion (Actual): December 31, 2021

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 12, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 12, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): February 23, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 14, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 25, 2022
• Last Verified: February 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Nervous System Diseases; Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Rheumatic Diseases; Muscular Diseases; Neuromuscular Diseases; Chronic Pain; Fibromyalgia
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2019/58

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No