The Turkish Version of the OSTRC Questionnaires

The Turkish Version of the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC) Questionnaire on Overuse Injuries and Health Problems; Validity and Reliability Study

Exposure to repetitive activities and heavy workloads makes athletes vulnerable to overuse injuries over time. Well-timed detection of these injuries is crucial to maintaining their sports career healthily. The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre questionnaires for Overuse Injury (OSTRC-O) and Health Problems (OSTRC-H) are universally used as valid and reliable tools in athlete health screening. This study aims to make them available for Turkish athletes.

The internal consistency, reproducibility, and validity of the questionnaires were analyzed. Data were obtained from 72 athletes from different sports types. 33 participants were screened weekly for six weeks to detect score changes and calculate effect sizes. Participants filled out the OSTRC-O, the OSTRC-H, the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ), and the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) for validity analyses. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability values were very high for both questionnaires. There was a moderate correlation between OSTRC-O and OSTRC-H scores with CMDQ and NHP. The area under the curve (AUC) values were adequate for all scales. The effect size values were moderate for all scales. Turkish versions of the OSTRC-O and OSTRC-H questionnaires are valid and reliable tools for Turkish-speaking athletes in different sports branches.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Sports Injury
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: survey administration

Detailed Description

Introduction and Aims All athletes are vulnerable to acute traumas or cumulative injuries throughout their sports life. Thus, screening the health levels of athletes and investigating whether they have overuse injuries is essential both to prevent acute traumas and improve health and performance. There is no valid and reliable subjective measurement tool to perform this screening in athletes in Turkish currently. However, the valid and reliable "Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Overuse Injury Questionnaire - (OSTRC)" questionnaires are available in English. So the investigators aimed to adapt the OSTRC- Overuse (OSTRC-O) and the OSTRC-Health Questionnaire (OSTRC-H) into Turkish.

Methods Permission was obtained from the developer authors. Then, ethical approval was acquired from the clinical researches ethics committee. Questionnaires were adapted into Turkish systematically. A pilot study was conducted to ensure the accuracy of meaning and comprehensibility of translated questionnaires. Next, the validity and reliability of the new tools were estimated. 72 athletes aged between 18 and 35, who can understand and speak Turkish fluently from various sports branches, were included. Informed consent was obtained from all athletes. The demographics of the participants were recorded. All participants were administered the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ), Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), OSTRC-O, and OSTRC-H questionnaires. The OSTRC-O OSTRC-H and CMDQ questionnaires were repeated weekly for six weeks on 33 athletes.

Reliability was analyzed by internal consistency and test-retest methods. The validity of the scale was evaluated in terms of content validity and concurrent validity. Content validity was verified with reports of participants at the end of the sixth week. To evaluate the concurrent validity, total OSTRC scores were compared with the total scores of CMDQ and NHP. Correlations of the OSTRC-O and OSTRC-H change scores with CMDQ change scores separately were assessed throughout the six weeks in point of the Effect Size (ES) for responsiveness. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve test based on the area under the curve (AUC) depicted to define the performance of these assessment tools. Statistical analyses were performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Program.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 72

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Ankara, Turkey, 006450
    • Gazi University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 16 years to 33 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

Athletes aged between 18 and 35, who can understand and speak Turkish fluently from various sports branches

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• accepting to participate in the study
• Participating in sports

Exclusion Criteria:

• Being illiterate
• Being younger than 18 years or older than 35 years

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Observational Models: Cohort
• Time Perspectives: Prospective

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaires for Overuse Injury (OSTRC-O)	The "Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaires for Overuse Injury" is a self-reported outcome measure. It queries sports participation, training volume, sports performance, and pain for a selected body location-e.g. knee taking into account the last seven days. A severity score is between 0-100 points. Higher points show worse health conditions.	Baseline
Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre questionnaires on Health Problems (OSTRC-H)	"Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre questionnaires on Health Problems" is a self-reported outcome measure. It is applied to determine the effects of general health problems on sports participation, training volume, sports performance, and pain for the last seven days. A severity score is between 0 and 100 points. Higher points show worse health conditions.	Baseline
Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ)	Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire is used to ascertain the musculoskeletal problems experienced in the last week during work life. Participants marked the frequency, discomfort, and interference categories for 20 different regions on the body map diagram. The total score of the questionnaire is between 0 (best condition) and 90 (worst health status).	Baseline
Nottingham Health Profile (NHP)	Nottingham Health Profile is a self-reported outcome measure. It is a general health questionnaire consisting of 6 sub-parameters (pain, physical mobility, emotional reactions, sleep, energy level, social isolation) and 38 items. Participants marked yes or no for each item. The total score ranges from 0 to 600, and the total score is inversely proportional to the quality of life.	Baseline

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaires for Overuse Injury (OSTRC-O)	The "Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaires for Overuse Injury" is a self-reported outcome measure. It queries sports participation, training volume, sports performance, and pain for a selected body location-e.g. knee taking into account the last seven days. A severity score is between 0-100 points. Higher points show worse health conditions	Change from baseline score at 6 weeks
Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre questionnaires on Health Problems (OSTRC-H)	"Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre questionnaires on Health Problems" is a self-reported outcome measure. It is applied to determine the effects of general health problems on sports participation, training volume, sports performance, and pain for the last seven days. A severity score is between 0 and 100 points. Higher points show worse health conditions.	Change from baseline score at 6 weeks
Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ)	Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire is used to ascertain the musculoskeletal problems experienced in the last week during work life. Participants marked the frequency, discomfort, and interference categories for 20 different regions on the body map diagram. The total score of the questionnaire is between 0 (best condition) and 90 (worst health status).	Change from baseline score at 6 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Gazi University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Şeyda ÖZAL, Ph.D. (c), Gazi University Faculty of Health Sciences; Study Director: Nihan KAFA, Asoc. Prof., Gazi University Faculty of Health Sciences; Principal Investigator: Fuat YUKSEL, Ph.D. (c), Gazi University Faculty of Health Sciences; Study Chair: Nevin A GÜZEL, Prof. Dr., Gazi University Faculty of Health Sciences

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000 Dec 15;25(24):3186-91. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014. No abstract available.
• Clarsen B, Myklebust G, Bahr R. Development and validation of a new method for the registration of overuse injuries in sports injury epidemiology: the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre (OSTRC) overuse injury questionnaire. Br J Sports Med. 2013 May;47(8):495-502. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091524. Epub 2012 Oct 4.
• Bahr R, Bahr IA. Incidence of acute volleyball injuries: a prospective cohort study of injury mechanisms and risk factors. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1997 Jun;7(3):166-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00134.x.
• Clarsen B, Ronsen O, Myklebust G, Florenes TW, Bahr R. The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center questionnaire on health problems: a new approach to prospective monitoring of illness and injury in elite athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2014 May;48(9):754-60. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-092087. Epub 2013 Feb 21.
• Hunt SM, McKenna SP, McEwen J, Williams J, Papp E. The Nottingham Health Profile: subjective health status and medical consultations. Soc Sci Med A. 1981 May;15(3 Pt 1):221-9. doi: 10.1016/0271-7123(81)90005-5. No abstract available.
• Erdinc O, Hot K, Ozkaya M. Turkish version of the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire: cross-cultural adaptation and validation. Work. 2011;39(3):251-60. doi: 10.3233/WOR-2011-1173.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 26, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 20, 2021
• Study Completion (Actual): December 15, 2021

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 14, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 26, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): May 2, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 2, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 26, 2022
• Last Verified: April 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: outcome measures; overuse injury; athlete health; validity and reliability study
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Wounds and Injuries; Athletic Injuries
• Other Study ID Numbers: GAZIUN

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: Undecided
• IPD Plan Description: It can be shared with reasonable requirements

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No