Patient Empowerment in the Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

August 8, 2025 updated by: Tabassum Parveen, Public Health Foundation of Bangladesh

Outcome of "Patient Empowerment" in the Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial

This study is a clustered randomized controlled trial assessing the outcome of "Patient Empowerment" in the management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus by applying the patient empowering model in the intervention group and the conventional method of treatment in the control group. It will be conducted in four centres in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. The primary outcome measures will be determining the frequency of good fetomaternal and neonatal outcome through glycemic control. Target of Glycemic Status: For Pregnant Mother, Fasting, 95 mg/dL (5.3 mmol/L), Two-hour postprandial,120 mg/dL (6.7 mmol/L), For Neonate glycemic status at or above 2.5 mmol/l. Maternal outcome during pregnancy - Decrease chance of antenatal infections that is Vulvovaginitis and recurrent UTI, Decrease pre-eclampsia, Decrease Antepartum Hemorrhage and Polyhydramnios. Maternal outcome in the form of mode of safe delivery- Increase frequency of vaginal delivery, Decrease chance of obstructed labour. Maternal outcome after delivery- Decrease chance of Postpartum Hemorrhage, Decrease chance of puerperal sepsis. Fetal Outcome- Less chance of Intra uterine death and prematurity. Neonatal Outcome- Less chance of Birth injury, Birth asphyxia, Perinatal death, Good Apgar score (≥ 7) in 1st and 5th minute, Less need for NICU care and Less chance of macrosomia (≥ 4 kg) at term. Fewer proportion of patients will require insulin to manage GDM. The secondary outcomes will be patient satisfaction and the patient will be a future resource person.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Procedure of Study (Including methods of intervention, measurement, estimation etc.):

Screen positive GDM patients will be recruited according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. After taking consent they will be registered for study purpose. According to computer generated randomization the health centres will be allocated and single method of management either patient empowerment or conventional method will be adopted for the whole cluster of the respective health centre. The intervention group will only receive the "Patient Empowerment' package.

The patients of intervention group, along with antenatal check-up, will go through the first session of the empowerment package on the first day of recruitment. Then they will be evaluated through structured questions to know their level of perception/ understanding and retention about the diabetes and its management. Those who will perform to get at least 80% out of 100 will be recognized as empowered. Who fail to achieve that they will be called for next seating. Patients unwilling to go through the process or failed to achieve the targeted score within three seating will be excluded. Those who fulfilled the target, they will be advised to follow the calorie and diet distribution schedule. They will be advised to return back 2 days later, with the blood sugar chart (6 times per day) by SMBG (Self-monitoring of blood glucose). The respondents will get the materials like measuring cup, hand manuals on diabetes, glucometer and chart for record keeping.

After evaluating the sugar chart, if they are found poor performer they will be counselled and trained further and will have to come back again after two days. At the same time patient's satisfaction will be assessed with LIKERT scale. Frequency of further visit will depend on patient's performance.

All the respondents from both groups are supposed to come for ANC at least at monthly interval initially up to 28 weeks and then fortnightly up to 36 weeks and then weekly up to delivery; frequency of the visit may be more if necessary. For Conventional (non- intervention) group at least 2 to 3 times blood sugar level should be checked within the follow up period. Then all the pertinent variables will be recorded, analyzed as per study objective and outcome, to evaluate the effectiveness of patient empowerment in the management of GDM.

Blood sample collection:

Patients of GDM will be trained to measure their own blood sugar level (both fasting and 2 hours' postprandial) by Glucometer at home and to maintain a blood sugar chart.

Laboratory methods:

In this study design apart from routine antenatal screening tests no other additional laboratory investigation will be done unless be otherwise needed on medical ground.

Follow up of the patients:

Both the study group and comparison group will be followed up as per study protocol at monthly interval initially up to 28 weeks and then fortnightly up to 36 weeks and then weekly up to delivery; frequency of the visit may be more if necessary.

Data Collection Tools:

Pre-tested semi structured questionnaire/interview schedule and checklist.

Data Collection Procedure:

GDM cases will be enrolled in this study with taking written consent on the consent form. Data will be collected by multiple techniques like face to face interview, records, findings of physical examination and observation, information on concerned variables and will be documented. Among the variables the fasting blood sugar and 2 hours after ingestion of 75-gram glucose will be considered as baseline for detection of GDM as screening test between 14 to 34 weeks of gestation. Patient empowerment

All the clinical and investigative findings and therapeutic variables will be documented during each antenatal visit. The ANC and its frequency should be according to conventional schedule (Monthly up to 28 weeks, fortnightly up to 36 weeks and then weekly up to delivery in low risk cases and for high risk the frequency of visit will be more). In both the groups from patient's blood sugar chart, average blood sugar value will be documented monthly. Each patient will be followed up to the end of puerperium that is 6 weeks after delivery.

From each institute, data will be collected with separate registration name and number and will be stored separately.

Statistical analysis:

The data will be analyzed according to cluster randomized trial protocol; and all statistical analysis will be based on Intention to Treat (ITT) approach. Descriptive statistics will be generated for all base line and follow-up data (frequency and relative frequency for categorical data, means with standard deviations (SDs) or 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for normally distributed continuous data and for non-normal data median and interquartile ranges.

Univariable associations between baseline patient characteristics and outcome will be assessed using univariable Cox regression. All statistically significant predictors will be assessed for possible confounding. Potential confounders measured at baseline will be selected based on a directed acyclic graph (DAG) and univariate association finding. Tests based on Schoenfeld residuals will be used to identify violations of the proportional hazards assumption. Impact of intervention on for primary outcome (adverse pregnancy outcome) will be assessed using multilevel cox proportional hazard regression adjusting for plausible confounders. Multilevel modelling will include a shared frailty term in the model to account for hospital-level clustering. The between-group differences will be assessed enabling simultaneous examination of cluster and individual-level influences on outcomes. Adjustment of the result for between-cluster variation will thus be achieved. The effects of the intervention on maternal and neonatal outcomes and changes in physical activity and diet will be analysed by using generalized linear latent and mixed models and multilevel mixed-effects linear regression by fitting random effects models. All analysis will be performed in Stata S/E version 17.

Quality assurance strategy:

From research team, PI, Co-PI and other investigators and local GOB health managers will work together for effective implementation, monitoring and evaluation of interventions. They will jointly monitor the progress and oversee any deviation from the protocol.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

459

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Bangladesh
      • Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1205
        • Azimpur Maternity hospital ( MCHTI)
      • Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1207
        • Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College (ShSMC)
      • Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1217
        • Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU)

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  1. Screen positive GDM cases, who have not been managed for diabetes by any means
  2. Gestational age from18 weeks to 36 weeks

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Known history of diabetes before pregnancy
  2. Women with twin or multiple pregnancies

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Patient Empowerment Model
Patients will be empowered to manage gestational diabetes mellitus themselves by acquiring knowledge and skill to monitor blood sugar levels, adjusting meals and daily activities.
Other: Patient Empowerment model

Session I

  • Knowledge about the disease, calories & diet distribution, physical activities, symptoms of hypoglycemia, Blood Glucose target etc.
  • Training on use of glucometer and record keeping Session II
  • Evaluation and interpretation of sugar level based on the sugar chart.
  • Tuning of diet and exercise if needed.
  • Discussion about the challenges faced by the patient during maintenance of sugar level.

Session III & ongoing

  • Tuning of the diet based on calories, evaluation of the understanding
  • Assessment of patient satisfaction
  • Assessment of patients' knowledge and skill to designate her as "Empowered"

Assurance and counseling of patient and family will be rendered in each session.
No Intervention: Standard of care
Patients will get the conventional way of management where patients get advice about a diet chart with a fixed menu and injection of insulin to control blood sugar levels.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Number of Participants with adverse maternal pregnancy outcome
Time Frame: Monthly from enrolment day up to 28 weeks of gestation, fortnightly from 28 weeks to 36 weeks of gestation, weekly from 36 weeks of gestation up to delivery, during delivery, Within 24 hours of delivery, 1 week, 2 weeks & 6 weeks of delivery
Maternal pregnancy outcome are antenatal infection, Preeclampsia, polyhydramnios, Ante and post partum Haemorrhage, Puerperal sepsis. Maternal death.
Monthly from enrolment day up to 28 weeks of gestation, fortnightly from 28 weeks to 36 weeks of gestation, weekly from 36 weeks of gestation up to delivery, during delivery, Within 24 hours of delivery, 1 week, 2 weeks & 6 weeks of delivery
Number of Participants with adverse foetal outcome
Time Frame: During delivery, After delivery- within 24 hours
Adverse foetal outcome include prematurity, Birth injury, Birth asphyxia, Perinatal death, NICU admission macrosomia (≥ 4 kg) at term, hypoglycaemia (≤ 2.5 mmol/l)
During delivery, After delivery- within 24 hours
Number of Participants with adequate glycaemic control
Time Frame: Monthly from enrollment day upto 28 weeks of gestation, fortnightly from 28 weeks to 36 weeks of gestation, weekly from 36 weeks of gestation upto delivery
Adequate glycaemic control include (a) 80% of blood glucose reading of the month with in normal range. (b) No requirement of insulin or pharmacological agents to manage GDM,
Monthly from enrollment day upto 28 weeks of gestation, fortnightly from 28 weeks to 36 weeks of gestation, weekly from 36 weeks of gestation upto delivery

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Maternal satisfaction
Time Frame: Monthly from enrollment day upto 28 weeks of gestation, fortnightly from 28 weeks to 36 weeks of gestation, weekly from 36 weeks of gestation upto delivery, during delivery, Within 24 hours of delivery, 1 week, 2 weeks & 6 weeks of delivery
Patient satisfaction will be assessed through the LIKERT rating scale ranging from strongly satisfied to strongly dissatisfied. The maximum value is 5 which means the patient is strongly satisfied with the service and the minimum value is 1 wchich means the patient is strongly dissatisfied.
Monthly from enrollment day upto 28 weeks of gestation, fortnightly from 28 weeks to 36 weeks of gestation, weekly from 36 weeks of gestation upto delivery, during delivery, Within 24 hours of delivery, 1 week, 2 weeks & 6 weeks of delivery

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Public Health Foundation of Bangladesh

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Tabassum Parveen, FCPS, Professor, Department of Fetomaternal Medicine, BSMMU

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

January 31, 2023

Primary Completion (Actual)

October 10, 2024

Study Completion (Actual)

November 10, 2024

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

December 15, 2022

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

February 21, 2024

First Posted (Actual)

February 26, 2024

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

August 13, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

August 8, 2025

Last Verified

August 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • BSMMU/2022/9656

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

No plan of data sharing before completion of study, if required then will be done with the prior permission of the funding agency

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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