Can Gluten/Wheat or Other Foods be Responsible for FMF Attacks

Can Gluten/Wheat or Other Foods be Responsible for FMF Attacks: A Survey on Self-perceived Food Sensitivity in FMF Patients

Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is a chronic hereditary autoinflammatory disease caused by mutations in the MEditerranean FeVer (MEFV) gene which codes for pyrin. Dysfunction of this protein determines an inappropriate response to inflammatory stimuli. The clinical course of the disease is characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and inflammation of the serous membranes, which manifest with chest, abdominal and joint pain. Several studies suggest a possible association between acute FMF attacks and dietary triggers, including wheat. However, it is still unclear to what extent wheat is responsible for the reactivation of FMF and if, between one acute attack and another, patients with FMF experience other symptoms, both gastrointestinal and extraintestinal, characteristic of gluten/wheat sensitivity not linked to celiac disease or immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated wheat allergy (i.e. Non-Celiac Wheat Gluten/Sensitivity, NCGS/NCWS).

Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the appearance of symptoms compatible with an acute attack of FMF following the ingestion of wheat or other foods, and the prevalence of self-perceived gluten/wheat sensitivity in patients with FMF.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Familial Mediterranean Fever; Non-celiac Gluten Sensitivity
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Main questionnaire; Other: Secondary questionnaire

Detailed Description

Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is a hereditary autoinflammatory disease, with autosomal recessive transmission, secondary to the mutation of the MEFV (MEditerranean FeVer) gene. Several mutations have been identified as responsible for the dysfunction of pyrin, a protein involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes. The resulting inappropriate inflammatory response generally manifests with recurrent and short-lasting episodes of fever, associated with inflammation of the serosa (FMF "attack"). Among the most commonly reported symptoms during an acute attack, abdominal pain prevails, which is often the first symptom to appear. The most fearful complication of this pathology is amyloidosis. Currently, the first-line treatment for symptom control and prevention of amyloidosis is colchicine. However, despite treatment, FMF attack may still occur following exposure to some triggers, such as, for example, infections, trauma, physical activity, and stress. Various researchers have also evaluated dietary habits and the intake of certain foods, such as, for example, a diet rich in fats, cow's milk, and wheat, as possible triggers of the FMF attacks.

Little is known about the trigger effect of foods on the exacerbation of FMF and the evidence from the few studies in the literature appears to be controversial. The results relating to the protective effect of a low-fat and a low-salt diet on the exacerbation of symptoms in patients with FMF are conflicting. Furthermore, in a prospective study, conducted on a limited sample of patients with FMF, it was demonstrated that the ingestion of wheat could be responsible for both the clinical (with worsening of the disease activity score), and the immunological reactivation of the disease [with evidence of increased levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SSA), and circulating cluster of differentiation (CD)14+/IL1Beta+ and CD14+/TNFalpha+ monocytes]. The macronutrients in wheat potentially responsible for activating the immune system could be gluten and/or alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitors Amylase-Trypsin Inhibitors (ATIs). Some researchers hypothesize that these protein components of wheat are also responsible for an alteration of the intestinal microbiota, which, in turn, by alteration of intestinal permeability and translocation of bacterial products, can lead to the activation of the immune system, both innate and adaptive, at a local and a systemic level, and, therefore, to the worsening of the inflammatory state of patients with autoinflammatory/autoimmune diseases. Indeed, in patients with FMF, several studies evaluated the relationship between modifications in intestinal microbiota and disease activity. For example, one study demonstrated the presence of mucosal damage predominantly affecting the jejunum and terminal ileum in approximately half of a group of 41 patients with FMF undergoing endoscopic examinations. This finding would determine the translocation and dissemination of molecules associated with pathogens and mucosal damage (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), and , Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)) capable of triggering the acute attacks of the disease. Furthermore, it has been shown that the overgrowth of intestinal bacterial flora (better known as Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO), causing the blood diffusion of bacterial metabolism products, can alter the response to colchicine and cause poor control of disease activity, thus suggesting that the gut microbiota can modulate both the clinical expression and the therapeutic response of FMF. In turn, in these patients, alterations of microbiota and, consequently, of intestinal permeability, could depend both on the chronic inflammatory state of the disease itself and on extrinsic factors (i.e. dietary ones).

To date there are only few data regarding the relationship between ingestion of wheat and other foods and the flare-ups of the FMF and the prevalence of gluten/wheat sensitivity not linked to celiac disease or IgE-mediated allergy to wheat Non-Celiac Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity (NCGS/NCWS) in patients with FMF. Therefore, the aims of this study are:

1. To evaluate, in patients with a definite diagnosis of FMF, the prevalence of the trigger effect of wheat or other foods other than wheat, defined as the appearance of symptoms and signs, identifiable as reactivation of FMF, after ingestion of wheat or other specific foods.
2. To identify possible demographic, clinical and genetic differences between FMF patients without and with reported trigger effects of wheat or other specific foods.
3. To evaluate, in patients with a definite diagnosis of FMF, the prevalence of self-perception NCGS/NCWS, defined as the appearance of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms caused by the ingestion of gluten/wheat, compared to a control group [subjects of the vaccination center of the University Hospital 'Paolo Giaccone'" of Palermo, Italy].
4. To identify demographic, clinical, and genetic differences between FMF patients without and with self-reported NCGS/NCWS.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Estimated): 60

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Pasquale Mansueto, MD; Phone Number: 3477279879; Email: pasquale.mansueto@unipa.it
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Aurelio Seidita, MD; Phone Number: 3209150370; Email: aurelio.seidita@unipa.it

Study Locations

• Italy
  • Sicily
    • Palermo, Sicily, Italy, 90127
      • Recruiting
      • University Hospital of Palermo
      • Contact: Pasquale Mansueto; Phone Number: 00390916554815; Email: pasquale.mansueto@unipa.it
      • Principal Investigator: Pasquale Mansueto
      • Sub-Investigator: Antonio Carroccio
      • Sub-Investigator: Aurelio Seidita

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child; Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Patients with a diagnosis of FMF will be enrolled in four Italian centers: the "Ambulatorio di Celiachia ed Intolleranze Alimentari" of "Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (AOUP) 'Paolo Giaccone'", Palermo, Italy, the Internal Medicine Unit of "Azienda Ospedaliera 'Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello'", Palermo, Italy, the "Centro di Riferimento per le Malattie Autoinfiammatorie e per le Malattie Lisosomiali" and the "Unità Malattie Rare, Centro Ricerca sulle Febbri Periodiche" of "Fondazione Policlinico Universitario 'Agostino Gemelli' IRCCS", Rome, Italy. Patients will be asked to reposnd to a main questionnaire, to evaluate the patient's demographic, clinical and genetic characteristics, and the perception of a link between FMF exacerbations and intake of wheat or other foods, and, in patients with self-reported NCGS/NCWS, gastrointestinal and extraintestinal manifestations related to gluten/wheat intake will be investigated using a further secondary questionnaire.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients, of both sexes, aged between 6 months and 80 years, affected by FMF, classified according to the Eurofever/PRINTO criteria.
• Patients able to understand and complete the questionnaires independently (or, in the case of pediatric ones, analyzed through the answers provided by parents).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients aged <6 months and >80 years.
• Patients unable to provide informed consent or complete the questionnaires.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

2

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
FMF patients; Patients, of both sexes, aged between 6 months and 80 years, affected by FMF, classified according to the Eurofever/PRINTO criteria	Other: Main questionnaire; Main questionnaire will evaluate the demographic and genetic characteristics, clinical manifestations, and self-perception of sensitivity to wheat or other food and the possible relationship between the intake of wheat or other foods and the flare-ups of the disease in FMF patients; Other: Secondary questionnaire; Secondary questionnaire will investigate the possible appearance of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms linked to the ingestion of gluten/wheat, which are not identifiable, by the patient, as FMF flare-ups, but might be compatible with a NCGS/NCWS diagnosis
Control subjects; Subjects of the vaccination center of the University Hospital 'Paolo Giaccone'" of Palermo, Italy	Other: Secondary questionnaire; Secondary questionnaire will investigate the possible appearance of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms linked to the ingestion of gluten/wheat, which are not identifiable, by the patient, as FMF flare-ups, but might be compatible with a NCGS/NCWS diagnosis

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Prevalence of the self-perception of wheat as a potential trigger of acute attack in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF)	To determine the prevalence of the self-perception of wheat as a potential trigger of acute attack in patients with FMF, defined as the appearance of symptoms and signs compatible with FMF flare-up following wheat intake.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Prevalence of the self-perception of other foods, other than wheat, as potential triggers of an acute attack in patients with FMF	To determine the prevalence of the self-perception of other foods, other than wheat, as potential triggers of an acute attack in patients with FMF, defined as the appearance of symptoms and signs compatible with a flare-up of FMF following the intake of these specific foods, other than wheat.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Prevalence of self-reported NCGS/NCWS in patients with FMF	To determine the prevalence of self-reported NCGS/NCWS in patients with FMF, defined as the appearance of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms and signs secondary to gluten/wheat ingestion, compatible with the clinical manifestations of NCGS/NCWS and not identifiable, by the patient, as FMF flare-ups, compared to a control group.	From May 2024 to May 2025

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Genetic differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares.	To define any difference in prevalence in the specific genetic mutations related to FMF between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Genetic differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares.	To define any difference in prevalence in the specific genetic mutations related to FMF between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Genetic differences between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it.	To define any difference in prevalence in the specific genetic mutations related to FMF between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the secondary questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Ethnic group differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares.	To define any difference in ethnic group prevalence between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Ethnic group differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares.	To define any difference in ethnic group prevalence between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Ethnic group differences between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it.	To define any difference in ethnic group prevalence between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the secondary questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Education level differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares.	To define any difference in education level prevalence between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Education level differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares.	To define any difference in education level prevalence between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Education level differences between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it.	To define any difference in education level prevalence between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the secondary questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Working activity differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares.	To define any difference in working activity between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Working activity differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares.	To define any difference in working activity between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Working activity differences between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it.	To define any difference in working activity between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the secondary questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Gastrointestinal symptoms differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares.	To define any difference in gastrointestinal symptoms prevalence between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Gastrointestinal symptoms differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares.	To define any difference in gastrointestinal symptoms prevalence between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Gastrointestinal symptoms differences between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it.	To define any difference in gastrointestinal symptoms prevalence between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the secondary questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Extraintestinal symptoms differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares.	To define any difference in extraintestinal symptoms prevalence between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Extraintestinal symptoms differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares.	To define any difference in extraintestinal symptoms prevalence between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Extraintestinal symptoms differences between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it.	To define any difference in extraintestinal symptoms prevalence between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the secondary questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Extraintestinal symptoms duration differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares.	To define any difference in extraintestinal symptoms duration between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Extraintestinal symptoms duration differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares.	To define any difference in extraintestinal symptoms duration between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Extraintestinal symptoms duration between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it.	To define any difference in extraintestinal symptoms duration between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the secondary questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Gastrointestinal symptoms duration differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares.	To define any difference in gastrointestinal symptoms duration between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Gastrointestinal symptoms duration differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares.	To define any difference in gastrointestinal symptoms duration between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Gastrointestinal symptoms duration differences between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it.	To define any difference in gastrointestinal symptoms duration between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the secondary questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
FMF specific drugs intake differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares.	To define any difference in FMF specific drugs intake between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
FMF specific drugs intake differences between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares.	To define any difference in FMF specific drugs intake between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
FMF specific drugs intake differences between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it.	To define any difference in FMF specific drugs intake between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the secondary questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Differences in number/year of FMF attacks between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares.	To define any difference in number/year of FMF attacks between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Differences in number/year of FMF attacks between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares.	To define any difference in number/year of FMF attacks between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Differences in number/year of FMF attacks between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it.	To define any difference in number/year of FMF attacks between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the secondary questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Differences in FMF specific drugs intake adherence between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares.	To define any difference in FMF specific drugs intake adherence between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Differences in FMF specific drugs intake adherence between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares.	To define any difference in FMF specific drugs intake adherence between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Differences in FMF specific drugs intake adherence between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it.	To define any difference in FMF specific drugs intake adherence between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the secondary questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Differences in marital status between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares.	To define any difference in marital status prevalence between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Differences in marital status between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares.	To define any difference in marital status prevalence between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Differences in marital status between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it.	To define any difference in marital status prevalence between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the secondary questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Differences in age at FMF diagnosis between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares.	To define any difference in age at FMF diagnosis between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Differences in age at FMF diagnosis between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares.	To define any difference in age at FMF diagnosis between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Differences in age at FMF diagnosis between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it.	To define any difference in age at FMF diagnosis between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the secondary questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Differences in age at FMF symptom's onset between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares.	To define any difference in age at FMF symptom's onset between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of wheat and those who do not identify this specific food as a potential trigger of the disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Differences in age at FMF symptom's onset between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares.	To define any difference in age at FMF symptom's onset between FMF patients who perceive a trigger effect of foods other than wheat and those who do not identify foods other than wheat as a potential trigger of disease flares. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the main questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025
Differences in age at FMF symptom's onset between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it.	To define any difference in age at FMF symptom's onset between patients with FMF who self-report NCGS/NCWS and those who do not self-report it. The data will be collected through the answers provided to the questions in the secondary questionnaire.	From May 2024 to May 2025

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Palermo
• Investigators: Study Director: Antonio Carroccio, MD, University of Palermo

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Mansueto P, Seidita A, D'Alcamo A, Carroccio A. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: literature review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2014;33(1):39-54. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2014.869996.
• Carroccio A, Mansueto P, Soresi M, Fayer F, Di Liberto D, Monguzzi E, Lo Pizzo M, La Blasca F, Geraci G, Pecoraro A, Dieli F, Schuppan D. Wheat Consumption Leads to Immune Activation and Symptom Worsening in Patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever: A Pilot Randomized Trial. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 17;12(4):1127. doi: 10.3390/nu12041127.
• Demir A, Akyuz F, Gokturk S, Evirgen S, Akyuz U, Ormeci A, Soyer O, Karaca C, Demir K, Gundogdu G, Gulluoglu M, Erer B, Kamali S, Kaymakoglu S, Besisik F, Gul A. Small bowel mucosal damage in familial Mediterranean fever: results of capsule endoscopy screening. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2014 Dec;49(12):1414-8. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2014.976838. Epub 2014 Nov 5.
• Deshayes S, Fellahi S, Bastard JP, Launay JM, Callebert J, Fraisse T, Buob D, Boffa JJ, Giurgea I, Dupont C, Jegou S, Straube M, Karras A, Aouba A, Grateau G, Sokol H, Georgin-Lavialle S; AA Amyloidosis Study Group; AA amyloidosis Study Group. Specific changes in faecal microbiota are associated with familial Mediterranean fever. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019 Oct;78(10):1398-1404. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215258. Epub 2019 Aug 3.
• Ekinci RMK, Balci S, Bisgin A, Cetin FT, Tumgor G. The contribution of diet preference to the disease course in children with familial Mediterranean fever: a cross-sectional study. Reumatologia. 2020;58(2):81-86. doi: 10.5114/reum.2020.95361. Epub 2020 Apr 30.
• Gattorno M, Hofer M, Federici S, Vanoni F, Bovis F, Aksentijevich I, Anton J, Arostegui JI, Barron K, Ben-Cherit E, Brogan PA, Cantarini L, Ceccherini I, De Benedetti F, Dedeoglu F, Demirkaya E, Frenkel J, Goldbach-Mansky R, Gul A, Hentgen V, Hoffman H, Kallinich T, Kone-Paut I, Kuemmerle-Deschner J, Lachmann HJ, Laxer RM, Livneh A, Obici L, Ozen S, Rowczenio D, Russo R, Shinar Y, Simon A, Toplak N, Touitou I, Uziel Y, van Gijn M, Foell D, Garassino C, Kastner D, Martini A, Sormani MP, Ruperto N; Eurofever Registry and the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO). Classification criteria for autoinflammatory recurrent fevers. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019 Aug;78(8):1025-1032. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215048. Epub 2019 Apr 24.
• Leccioli V, Oliveri M, Romeo M, Berretta M, Rossi P. A New Proposal for the Pathogenic Mechanism of Non-Coeliac/Non-Allergic Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity: Piecing Together the Puzzle of Recent Scientific Evidence. Nutrients. 2017 Nov 2;9(11):1203. doi: 10.3390/nu9111203.
• Mansueto P, Seidita A, Chiavetta M, Genovese D, Giuliano A, Priano W, Carroccio A, Casuccio A, Amodio E. Familial Mediterranean Fever and Diet: A Narrative Review of the Scientific Literature. Nutrients. 2022 Aug 5;14(15):3216. doi: 10.3390/nu14153216.
• MELLINKOFF SM, SCHWABE AD, LAWRENCE JS. A dietary treatment for familial Mediterranean fever. Arch Intern Med. 1961 Jul;108:80-5. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1961.03620070082010. No abstract available.
• Schwabe AD, Peters RS. Familial Mediterranean Fever in Armenians. Analysis of 100 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 1974 Nov;53(6):453-62. doi: 10.1097/00005792-197411000-00005. No abstract available.
• Uhde M, Ajamian M, Caio G, De Giorgio R, Indart A, Green PH, Verna EC, Volta U, Alaedini A. Intestinal cell damage and systemic immune activation in individuals reporting sensitivity to wheat in the absence of coeliac disease. Gut. 2016 Dec;65(12):1930-1937. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311964. Epub 2016 Jul 25.
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• Yenokyan G, Armenian HK. Triggers for attacks in familial Mediterranean fever: application of the case-crossover design. Am J Epidemiol. 2012 May 15;175(10):1054-61. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr460. Epub 2012 Jan 10.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): May 1, 2024
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 30, 2024
• Study Completion (Estimated): May 1, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 26, 2024
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 22, 2024
• First Posted (Actual): April 1, 2024

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): June 22, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 17, 2025
• Last Verified: June 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Non-celiac Gluten Sensitivity; Familial Mediterranean Fever
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Genetic Diseases, Inborn; Immune System Diseases; Infections; Skin Diseases; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Infections and Mycoses; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Skin Diseases, Genetic; Hypersensitivity; Brucellosis; Familial Mediterranean Fever; Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases
• Other Study ID Numbers: ACPM34

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No