Preterm Newborn Mothers' Anxiety and Self-Efficacy

October 3, 2024 updated by: Sinem Yalnızoglu Caka, Kocaeli University

Effect of QR Code Supported Infant Care Training Given to Preterm Newborn Mothers on Motherhood Self-Efficacy and Anxiety

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of QR code supported infant care training given to mothers of preterm newborns on maternal self-efficacy and maternal anxiety level .

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Maternal and child health is an important health indicator of societies. According to the World Health Organisation, almost half of all under-five child deaths are neonatal deaths. In order to reduce these deaths, especially in the neonatal period, it is very important for mothers to learn and correctly apply infant care. In studies conducted with mothers of preterm newborns, it was determined that mothers felt themselves inadequate after taking care responsibilities after discharge, expressed that they needed training for the care of the baby, and preferred to remain bystanders because they were less confident in the care of the baby. However, other studies have reported that preterm and hospitalised infants have a negative impact on the development of the mothering role. Prematurity may increase maternal anxiety and negatively affect perceived maternal self-efficacy. At the same time, the mother's intense anxiety and inadequate perceived maternal self-efficacy negatively affect infant care.

Maternal self-efficacy perception is mothers' beliefs about being successful in their parenting role and is an important mechanism guiding the interactions of preterm newborns and their mothers in the hospital. In order for this mechanism to continue in a healthy way, the nurse should identify the aspects that mothers perceive themselves as adequate or that mothers perceive as negative from birth and observe all their interventions towards the baby. Self-efficacy, which can be gained through learning by observation, can be maximised in the postnatal period by nurses demonstrating the principles they want to teach. Therefore, nurses should clearly show the practices for infant care to mothers and support the perception of maternal self-efficacy.

Today, traditional materials used in the educational process (blackboard, book, etc.) are replaced by smart and portable devices (e-book, smart board, tablet, etc.). In this context, QR codes serve as a bridge between old and new education models. In other words, QR codes increase the effectiveness of mobile education by integrating mobile devices into traditional educational materials. QR codes are a cheap and easy process for delivering information to individuals. When the literature is analysed, it is seen that the interest and motivation in the subject increases when the training sessions offered through the internet and printed learning materials are used together. QR codes are frequently used in educational activities due to their versatility and their ability to enable different learning environments. When the benefits of QR codes are analysed in studies conducted on healthcare professionals, students, and educators in the literature, they can be listed as ease of use and ease of access, adaptability, simplicity of development and potential environmental benefits compared to other access methods. However, studies on the use of QR codes in patient education in the field of nursing are limited.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

80

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Turkey
    • İzmit
      • Kocaeli, İzmit, Turkey, 41380
        • Kocaeli University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Preterm infant who were born between 28-36+6 gestational weeks
  • Preterm infant with a low birth weight at hospitalization (between 1500-2500 g)
  • Preterm infant weight of 2500 g or more at discharge,
  • Preterm infant who had stable vital signs,
  • Preterm infant who do not use muscle relaxants, analgesics, sedatives or inotropic drugs,
  • Preterm infant who do not have a serious neurological disease
  • Mothers who stay with the baby for at least one month after discharge,
  • Mothers who voluntarily accepting the study,
  • Mothers who not being diagnosed with a psychiatric illness.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Mothers who did not have the ability to read and understand Turkish,
  • Mothers who did not use/access the internet,
  • Mothers who had twin babies
  • Mothers whose babies with a disease that would prevent post-discharge care

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Double

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Group receiving QR code supported training
Training sessions in the training class run three days a week for two weeks. 6. During the training process, QR codes were integrated into the sections related to the care of the newborn in the guide in order to provide mothers with the opportunity to watch the video simultaneously while reading the guide in practices requiring skills related to hygienic care of the newborn and nutrition / communication / sleep, and to allow them to watch it repeatedly as long as they feel the need. In these videos, the application steps were shown one by one. URL addresses of the videos were obtained and then QR Codes were created. When the code is scanned with a smartphone, it automatically redirects the user to the specified URL. The difference between the groups was that videos on newborn care were shown and QR Code training guides with the same content as the SC group created by the researchers on newborn care were distributed.
Other: Group receiving QR code supported training
During the training process, QR codes were integrated into the sections related to the care of the newborn in the guide to provide mothers with the opportunity to watch the video simultaneously while reading the guide in practices requiring skills related to hygienic care of the newborn and nutrition / communication / sleep, and to allow them to watch it repeatedly as long as they feel the need. In these videos, the application steps were shown one by one. When the code is scanned with a smartphone, it automatically redirects the user to the specified URL. The QR codes in the Implementation Guide on the Care of the Newborn consist of eight videos) that allow mothers to watch the hygienic care of the newborn in practice. After the end of this phase of the training, the questionnaires were re-administered to the mothers in both groups one month after discharge.
No Intervention: Recommendations to start care
In the training class, mothers who are preparing for discharge are currently given training on the appearance, feeding, care, vaccinations, sleep and health checks of the premature infant, and the care of the newborn is carried out practically.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Perceived Maternal Self-Efficacy Scale (PMES)- Survey
Time Frame: Before the recruit pre-test (PMES- survey scale) will be applied. One months after the intervention post-test (PMES survey scale) again will be applied.
QR code-supported education given to mothers of preterm newborns improves. The scale assesses the perceived maternal self-efficacy levels of mothers of hospitalised preterm infants. The scale, which consisted of 19 items, was graded between 1 and 4 (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = agree, 4 = strongly agree). Scoring of the scale was calculated by adding the obtained scores. The score obtained from the scale is between 19 and 76. A high score indicates that the mother's self-efficacy is high. The reliability coefficient of the scale in mothers of hospitalised preterm infants was 0.98. In this study, the internal consistency coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.95.
Before the recruit pre-test (PMES- survey scale) will be applied. One months after the intervention post-test (PMES survey scale) again will be applied.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)- Survey Scale
Time Frame: Before the recruit pre-test (STAI- survey scale) will be applied. One months after the intervention post-test (STAI survey scale) again will be applied.
QR code-supported education given to mothers of preterm newborns decreases the mother's anxiety level.The STAI provides information about state anxiety. The STAI consists of 20 items and is graded between 1-4 according to the anxiety level of the person. The scale includes plain and inverted statements (items: 1., 2., 5., 8., 10., 11., 15., 16., 19. and 20.) determining positive and negative emotions. Scores between 20-80 are obtained from the scale. A higher score means higher anxiety. In scoring, the total score of the negative statements is subtracted from the total score of the positive statements. A predetermined and unchanged 50 points are added to this score. The score obtained indicates the anxiety level of the person. In this study, the internal consistency coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.88.
Before the recruit pre-test (STAI- survey scale) will be applied. One months after the intervention post-test (STAI survey scale) again will be applied.

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Kocaeli University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

January 1, 2023

Primary Completion (Actual)

December 1, 2023

Study Completion (Actual)

March 23, 2024

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

April 2, 2024

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

April 5, 2024

First Posted (Actual)

April 11, 2024

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

October 8, 2024

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

October 3, 2024

Last Verified

October 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 2023/01.11/2023/6

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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