Effect of Toothpastes on Oral Malodor

Investigation of the Effect of Toothpastes With Different Ingredients on Oral Malodor in Young Adults

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different toothpaste formulations on oral malodor in young adults, addressing the lack of clinical evidence regarding propolis- and probiotic-containing toothpastes, which have predominantly been investigated in mouthrinse, tablet, or chewing gum formulations.

Volunteers aged 18-30 years with baseline organoleptic assessment (OA) and Breath Checker® (BC) scores >0 were randomized into four toothpaste groups: propolis-containing (Glimo Beta), probiotic-containing (Glimo Pi), phosphate-based (Glimo Gamma), and a standard fluoride toothpaste (Sensodyne). Allocation concealment was ensured using identical coded containers, and outcome assessors were blinded. After exclusions, 52 participants completed the study. Oral malodor was evaluated at baseline (T0) and Day 14 (T1) using OA, BC measurements, and self-perceived oral malodor scores.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Oral Malodor (Halitosis)
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Propolis Containing Toothpaste; Other: Probiotic containing toothpaste; Other: Phosphate-based formulation toothpaste; Other: Standard fluoride toothpaste

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 52
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey (Türkiye)
  • Merkez
    • Çankırı, Merkez, Turkey (Türkiye)
      • Cankiri Karatekin University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• • No systemic diseases or medications known to cause halitosis

  • No active periodontal disease requiring treatment
  • No antibiotic use within the previous month
  • No orthodontic or removable space-maintaining appliances
  • Non-smokers
  • Organoleptic score >0 and Breath-Checker® (BC) score >0 at baseline

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participants reporting systemic conditions, active periodontal therapy, smoking, or antibiotic usage were excluded.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

4

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Propolis containing toothpaste; Participants in this arm used propolis containing toothpaste twice daily for routine oral hygiene during the study period.	Other: Propolis Containing Toothpaste; Participants were instructed to brush their teeth using propolis toothpaste twice daily (morning and evening) for 14 days as part of their routine oral hygiene.
Experimental: probiotic containing toothpaste; Participants in this arm used probiotic containing toothpaste twice daily for routine oral hygiene during the study period.	Other: Probiotic containing toothpaste; Participants were instructed to brush their teeth using probiotic toothpaste twice daily (morning and evening) for 14 days as part of their routine oral hygiene.
Experimental: Phosphate-based formulation toothpaste; Participants in this arm used phosphate-based formulation toothpaste twice daily for routine oral hygiene during the study period.	Other: Phosphate-based formulation toothpaste; Participants were instructed to brush their teeth using Phosphate-based formulation toothpaste twice daily (morning and evening) for 14 days as part of their routine oral hygiene.
Experimental: Standard fluoride; Participants in this arm used standard fluoride containing toothpaste twice daily for routine oral hygiene during the study period.	Other: Standard fluoride toothpaste; Participants were instructed to brush their teeth using standard fluoride toothpaste twice daily (morning and evening) for 14 days as part of their routine oral hygiene.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in oral malodor severity	Oral malodor was assessed using an organoleptic scoring method and a portable breath checker device. The change in scores from baseline to the end of the intervention period was evaluated.	Baseline and Day 14

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Çankırı Karatekin University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 30, 2025
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 30, 2025
• Study Completion (Actual): December 25, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 29, 2025
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 8, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): January 9, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): January 9, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 8, 2026
• Last Verified: January 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Propolis; Oral Malodor; Probiotic toothpaste
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Signs and Symptoms, Digestive; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms; Signs and Symptoms; Halitosis
• Other Study ID Numbers: Approval No: 18, Date: 29/01/2

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO
• IPD Plan Description: Individual participant data will not be shared publicly due to privacy and ethical considerations.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No