Effect of Prebiotic Sodas on Postprandial Levels of GLP-1, PYY, Transit Time and Satiety Levels: A Pilot Study

Effect of 3 Different Prebiotic Sodas on Postprandial Levels of GLP-1, PYY, Transit Time and Satiety Levels: An Acute, Randomized Controlled Pilot Study in Healthy Participants

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the acute effects of prebiotic sodas on postprandial levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), gastric emptying, and satiety levels in healthy adults.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Satiety in Healthy Volunteers
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Control Soda; Other: Prebiotic Soda - Shelf Stable; Other: Prebiotic Soda - Refrigerated; Other: Prebiotic Soda - Shelf Stable + Functional Ingredient

Detailed Description

The primary aim of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effects of single-dose prebiotic sodas on on postprandial levels of GLP-1.

Participants (n=15) will be healthy males and healthy, non-pregnant, non-lactating females aged 18-60 years. Participants will consume a single dose of 3 different prebiotic sodas (6 - 9 g dietary fiber and 4 g total sugar per can) and one control soda (0 g dietary fiber and 4 g total sugar per can) in a randomized, crossover design over a period of 4-12 weeks with an interval of at least 1 week and at most 3 weeks between visits.

Secondary outcomes will include evaluating the effects of single-dose consumption of the control and prebiotic sodas on postprandial PYY, gastric emptying, and satiety levels.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 15
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Director of Clinical Operations; Phone Number: 201 416-861-0506; Email: jcampbell@inquis.com
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Senior Scientist; Phone Number: 416-861-9782; Email: alexandrajenkins@inquis.com

Study Locations

• Canada
  • Ontario
    • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5C 2N8
      • Recruiting
      • INQUIS Clinical Research
      • Contact: Director of Clinical Operations; Phone Number: 201 416-861-0506; Email: jcampbell@inquis.com

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults aged 18-60 years, inclusive.
• BMI between 18.0 and 30.0 kg/m2.
• Stable weight in the last 3 months (+/-5kg).
• Willing to abstain from unusual strenuous exercise, consuming alcoholic drinks and from taking fiber supplements for 24 hours before study days.
• Willing to refrain from smoking tobacco or e-cigarettes, and using marijuana in any form for 12h before and during study visits.
• Understanding the study procedures and willing to provide informed consent to participate in the study and authorization to release relevant protected health information to the study investigator.
• Subjects must be eligible to receive income in Canada and be covered by a health insurance plan such as Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Self-reported pregnant or breastfeeding women.
• Subjects with a history of severe food allergies or an allergy to acetaminophen.
• Known history of diabetes, any gastrointestinal disorder that alters the absorption of nutrients, liver disease, or the presence of any health condition, illness or drug use that increases risk to the subject or to others or may affect the results, as judged by the Qualified Investigator (QI).
• Subjects who are currently or in the last 2 months have been on oral or injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist (RA) medications.
• Subjects who consume more than 14 alcoholic drinks per week, or more than 5 alcoholic drinks on any one occasion.
• Subjects who have been on antibiotic therapy in the last 2 months.
• Subjects taking the blood thinning drug warfarin.
• Subjects who are habitual users of the following supplements in the past 30 days: berberine, curcumin, cinnamon, resveratrol, and gardenia.
• Subjects which have undergone major surgery in the last 3 months.
• Unwillingness or inability to comply with experimental procedures and to follow Inquis safety guidelines.
• Subject is currently participating or recently (within 30 days of screening) participated in a clinical trial involving long-term exposure (greater than 24 hours) to an investigational drug, nutritional supplement, or lifestyle modification.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

4

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Placebo Comparator: Control Soda; Participants will consume one 12 oz can of a control soda	Other: Control Soda; Participants will consume one 12 oz can of a control soda that contains 0 g dietary fiber and 4 g total sugar.
Experimental: Prebiotic Soda - Shelf Stable; Participants will consume one 12 oz can of the shelf stable prebiotic soda	Other: Prebiotic Soda - Shelf Stable; Participants will consume one 12 oz can of a shelf stable prebiotic soda that contains 6 g dietary fiber and 4 g total sugar.
Experimental: Prebiotic Soda - Refrigerated; Participants will consume one 12 oz can of the refrigerated prebiotic soda	Other: Prebiotic Soda - Refrigerated; Participants will consume one 12 oz can of a shelf stable prebiotic soda that contains 9 g dietary fiber and 4 g total sugar.
Experimental: Prebiotic Soda - Shelf Stable + Functional Ingredient; Participants will consume one 12 oz can of the shelf stable prebiotic soda with an added functional ingredient	Other: Prebiotic Soda - Shelf Stable + Functional Ingredient; Participants will consume one 12 oz can of a shelf stable prebiotic soda that contains 6 g dietary fiber, 4 g total sugar, and an added functional ingredient.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Blood GLP-1 iAUC	Incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for GLP-1 from immediately prior to test-product consumption (t=0) to t=120 min following test-product consumption.	For 2 hours post intervention

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Blood PYY iAUC	Incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for PYY from immediately prior to test-product consumption (t=0) to t=120 min following test-product consumption.	For 2 hours post intervention
Gastric Emptying Rate/Transit Time via Acetaminophen	Incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for acetaminophen from immediately prior to test-product consumption (t=0) to t=120 min following test-product consumption.	Oral dose of acetaminophen with blood samples taken for 2 hours post intervention
Change in Perceived Satiety Levels	The change in perceived satiety levels measured using the Motivation to Eat visual analogue scale (VAS) from immediately prior to test-product consumption (t=0) to t=120 min following test-product consumption.	For 2 hours post intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Olipop, PBC
• Collaborators: INQUIS Clinical Research
• Investigators: Study Director: Janice Campbell, INQUIS Clinical Research

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Estimated): January 1, 2026
• Primary Completion (Estimated): May 1, 2026
• Study Completion (Estimated): May 1, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 9, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 15, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): January 23, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): January 28, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 26, 2026
• Last Verified: January 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: sodium bicarbonate-based toothpaste
• Other Study ID Numbers: INQ-2534

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No