Effectiviteit en kosteneffectiviteit van volledig geautomatiseerde digitale versus op menselijke coaches gebaseerde diabetespreventieprogramma's

Participants will receive Sweetch Digital Diabetes Prevention Program consists of a smartphone app and bluetooth-enabled digital body weight scale that syncs with the app.

The Sweetch app is a hyper-personalized mobile digital coach that provides users with tailored recommendations to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors (150 minutes per week of physical activity, weight reduction, and healthy eating habits) to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.

The Sweetch app uses self-tracking and multiple evidence-based persuasive eCoaching strategies. The Sweetch artificial intelligence algorithm delivers just-in-time support and/or adapt recommendations based on the user's response. For example, push notifications will be sent when the algorithm detects that the user is potentially available and able to act upon the recommendation, based on various parameters including location, previous response, calendar availability, and weather, etc.

Participants will attend a total of 16 weekly sessions during months 1 to 6 and 6 sessions during months 7 to 12. These group sessions may be delivered in-person at the local program or remotely using video conferencing. During these sessions, participants will receive information about lifestyle change behaviors focusing on weight loss, physical activity, and nutrition from a trained lifestyle coach.

The Human Coach-Based Diabetes Prevention Program will consist of a CDC recognized lifestyle change program. Participants will attend a total of 16 weekly sessions during months 1 to 6 and 6 sessions during months 7 to 12. These group sessions may be delivered in-person at the local program or remotely using video conferencing. During these sessions, participants will receive information about lifestyle change behaviors focusing on weight loss, physical activity, and nutrition from a trained lifestyle coach.

The primary outcome was the CDC-defined diabetes risk reduction benchmark at 12 months (based on the 2021 standards), defined as at least one of the following:

1. Weight loss of ≥5%.
2. Weight loss of ≥4% combined with at least 150 weekly minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA
3. An absolute decrease of ≥0.2 points in A1C (measured in %). The A1C endpoint was applicable only to participants with baseline A1C of 5.7% to 6.4%. Maintaining an A1C <6.5% throughout the study was also a criterion for the primary outcome.

Absolute weight change (kilograms) from baseline to 12 months

The investigators will compare the cost-effectiveness of the two interventions based on lifetime horizon by constructing a Markov model with model parameters populated from the trial results as well as other published literature. The model will estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio between the two interventions.

Change in HbA1C (percentage points) from baseline to 12 months (among participants with baseline HbA1C of 5.7% - 6.4% who completed the 12-month study visit).

Percentage change in weight from baseline to 12 months

Average minutes/week of physical activity assessed using blinded Actigraphy (monthly serial consecutive 7-days wear period). If the participant did not wear their monitor for at least 5 of their 7 assigned days, they were considered noncompliant. In this case, the participant was assigned 0 minutes for physical activity for that week.To obtain the average MVPA minutes per week across the study period, the total MVPA minutes per week from all valid wear periods were summed and divided by the number of available wear periods (maximum of 11 post-baseline visits). Specifically, activity intensity was classified as MVPA if the vector magnitude of accelerometer counts per minute was equal to or greater than 3941 (Montoye's cut point).

Number of individuals who had an AIC in the diabetes range (A1C ≥6.5%) at the 6-month or 12-month timepoint.

Acceptability of the assigned intervention was assessed at 12 months using the Diabetes Prevention Program Acceptability Scale (DPPAS), Score range from 1 to 5; higher scores indicate greater acceptability (better outcome).

To evaluate the correlation between self-reported PA data collected using different methods:

• Data collected and reported by hDPPs
• Self-reported PA data collected by study team obtained at 1-month intervals
• Objectively measured PA data (Actigraphy) obtained at 1-month intervals

Program initiators were defined as participants who attended at least one in-person session (Human-DPP) or registered and used the Sweetch app (AI-DPP).

Program completers attended ≥8 sessions in months 1-6 and spanned ≥9 months (Human-DPP), or engaged with the app for ≥8 weeks during months 1-6 with a span of ≥9 months between initiation and last engagement (AI-DPP).