- ICH GCP
- Registro de ensaios clínicos dos EUA
- Ensaio Clínico NCT04807764
Estimulação transespinal mais treinamento locomotor para SCI
Preparando-se com estimulação transespinal de alta frequência para aumentar os benefícios locomotores em lesões da medula espinhal
Visão geral do estudo
Status
Condições
Intervenção / Tratamento
Descrição detalhada
A lesão medular (LM) prejudica muito a capacidade de ficar em pé e andar, o que compromete gravemente as atividades da vida diária. Embora esses déficits sejam parcialmente melhorados pelo treinamento locomotor, mesmo após várias sessões de treinamento, a atividade muscular e a coordenação anormais ainda persistem. Assim, o treinamento locomotor sozinho não pode otimizar totalmente a plasticidade neuronal necessária para fortalecer as sinapses que conectam o cérebro, a medula espinhal e os circuitos locais. Como tal, são extremamente necessárias intervenções de tratamento que efetivamente promovam a neuromodulação das redes locomotoras espinhais e fortaleçam a conectividade neural da medula espinhal humana lesada em combinação com a reabilitação física. Propõe-se que a estimulação transcutânea da medula espinhal (transespinal) seja um método para "preparar" sinergicamente o sistema nervoso para responder melhor ao treinamento locomotor. A estimulação transespinhal altera a excitabilidade do motoneurônio em vários segmentos espinhais, um pré-requisito para o funcionamento descendente e entradas locais. É importante ressaltar que não se sabe se o tratamento concomitante com estimulação transespinhal e treinamento locomotor maximiza a recuperação motora após uma lesão medular. O objetivo deste ensaio clínico é usar a estimulação transespinhal de alta frequência (30 Hz) para estimular o treinamento locomotor e, finalmente, melhorar a postura, a caminhada e a função geral em indivíduos com LM crônica incompleta (iSCI). Quarenta e cinco indivíduos com iSCI serão submetidos a 40 sessões de treinamento de passos com suporte de peso corporal preparados com estimulação transespinhal de alta frequência. Os participantes serão randomizados para receber estimulação transespinhal em pé (real ou simulado) ou em decúbito dorsal (real). O objetivo 1 avalia como o treinamento locomotor primário com estimulação transespinhal de alta frequência na LM altera a força da conectividade corticomotoneuronal, conforme indicado pelos potenciais evocados motores registrados nas pernas.
O Objetivo 2 avalia como o treinamento locomotor primário com estimulação transespinal de alta frequência em iSCI afeta a reorganização e o envolvimento apropriado dos circuitos neuronais da coluna vertebral. Por fim, o Objetivo 3 avalia a função motora baseada em atividade, a capacidade de ficar de pé e andar e a qualidade de vida. Esses resultados apoiarão a noção de que a estimulação transespinal tônica de alta frequência fortalece a conectividade corticomotoneuronal e melhora a organização do circuito espinhal por meio da neuroplasticidade corticoespinal dependente da postura. Prevê-se que as informações obtidas a partir deste ensaio clínico mecanicista terão grande impacto na prática clínica. Isso ocorre porque, em ambientes clínicos do mundo real, a estimulação transespinal não invasiva pode ser mais fácil e amplamente implementada do que a estimulação epidural invasiva.
Tipo de estudo
Inscrição (Real)
Estágio
- Não aplicável
Contactos e Locais
Locais de estudo
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New York
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Staten Island, New York, Estados Unidos, 10314
- Department of Physical Therapy, Motor Control and NeuroRecovery Laboratory
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The Bronx, New York, Estados Unidos, 10468
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center
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Critérios de participação
Critérios de elegibilidade
Idades elegíveis para estudo
Aceita Voluntários Saudáveis
Descrição
Critério de inclusão:
- Vontade de cumprir todos os procedimentos do estudo e disponibilidade para a duração do estudo.
- Capacidade de entender o formulário de consentimento e assinar o formulário de consentimento.
- Homem ou mulher, de 18 a 70 anos.
- Em bom estado geral de saúde, conforme evidenciado pelo histórico médico.
- Diagnosticado com SCI motor incompleto (AIS C-D).
- Densidade mineral óssea do quadril (fêmur proximal) T-score
- Lesão acima da torácica (T) 10 para garantir ausência de lesão do motoneurônio inferior.
- Presença de reflexos tendinosos para poder provocar o reflexo H do sóleo.
- Ausência de contraturas permanentes da articulação do tornozelo que impedem o movimento passivo ou ativo do tornozelo porque a excitabilidade corticoespinhal e espinhal é baseada no ângulo do tornozelo. As tiras de tornozelo do Lokomat também requerem articulações de tornozelo flexíveis.
- Um diagnóstico de LME pela primeira vez devido a trauma, patologia vascular ou ortopédica.
- Tempo após LM de mais de 6 meses.
- Condição médica estável sem doença cardiopulmonar ou comprometimento cognitivo.
Critério de exclusão:
- Lesões supraespinhais.
- Neuropatias significativas do sistema nervoso periférico.
- Distúrbios neurológicos degenerativos significativos da coluna ou da medula espinhal.
- AIS A ou B.
- Presença de úlceras de pressão.
- Infecção urinária avançada.
- Distúrbios neoplásicos ou vasculares da coluna vertebral ou medula espinhal.
- Participação em um estudo de pesquisa em andamento ou em um novo programa de reabilitação.
- As mulheres grávidas ou que suspeitem que possam estar grávidas ou que possam vir a engravidar serão excluídas da participação porque os riscos da estimulação toracolombar para o feto são desconhecidos.
- Serão excluídos portadores de implante coclear, marca-passo, dispositivo de infusão implantado e/ou estimuladores implantados de qualquer tipo e finalidade para evitar seu mau funcionamento devido à estimulação.
- Pessoas com histórico de convulsões.
- Condições médicas que aumentam a possibilidade de convulsões.
- Medicamentos que podem alterar o limiar convulsivo.
Plano de estudo
Como o estudo é projetado?
Detalhes do projeto
- Finalidade Principal: Tratamento
- Alocação: Randomizado
- Modelo Intervencional: Atribuição Paralela
- Mascaramento: Nenhum (rótulo aberto)
Armas e Intervenções
Grupo de Participantes / Braço |
Intervenção / Tratamento |
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Experimental: Estimulação transespinal real fornecida durante a posição ortostática seguida de treinamento locomotor
A estimulação tônica transespinhal da região toracolombar será fornecida a uma frequência de 30 Hz durante a posição de pé com suporte de peso corporal (BWS) conforme necessário em uma estrutura de pé ou no Lokomat para garantir a segurança.
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Quinze pessoas com lesão da medula espinhal receberão 40 sessões diárias de 30 minutos de estimulação transpinal transcutânea não invasiva de alta frequência (por exemplo, 30 Hz) durante a posição ortostática, seguida de 30 minutos de treinamento de marcha robótica assistida.
Testes clínicos e neurofisiológicos padronizados antes e após o treinamento serão utilizados para avaliar a recuperação da função sensório-motora.
Outros nomes:
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Experimental: Estimulação transespinal real fornecida em decúbito dorsal seguida de treinamento locomotor
A estimulação tônica transespinal será aplicada a uma frequência de 30 Hz enquanto estiver deitado em decúbito dorsal.
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Quinze pessoas com lesão medular receberão 40 sessões diárias de 30 minutos de estimulação transcutânea transcutânea não invasiva de alta frequência (por exemplo, 30 Hz), enquanto estão deitadas em decúbito dorsal em uma mesa de terapia, seguidas de 30 minutos de treinamento de marcha robótica assistida.
Testes clínicos e neurofisiológicos padronizados antes e após o treinamento serão utilizados para avaliar a recuperação da função sensório-motora.
Outros nomes:
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Comparador Falso: Estimulação transespinal simulada fornecida durante a posição ortostática seguida de treinamento locomotor
Um grupo simulado receberá estimulação transespinal durante a postura em uma intensidade em que a sensação está ausente.
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Quinze pessoas com lesão da medula espinhal receberão 40 sessões diárias de 30 minutos de estimulação transespinhal simulada durante a postura em pé em uma intensidade em que a sensação está ausente, seguida de 30 minutos de treinamento de marcha robótica.
Testes clínicos e neurofisiológicos padronizados antes e após o treinamento serão utilizados para avaliar a recuperação da função sensório-motora.
Outros nomes:
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O que o estudo está medindo?
Medidas de resultados primários
Medida de resultado |
Descrição da medida |
Prazo |
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Plasticity of Spinal Neuronal Networks - Homosynaptic Depression
Prazo: 4-6 months
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Soleus H-reflexes following posterior tibial nerve stimulation with a 1-ms monophasic pulse were recorded with subjects seated and stimuli delivered every 1 s (1.0 Hz), 3 s (0.33 Hz), 5 s (0.2 Hz), 8 s (0.125 Hz), and 10s (0.1 Hz).
Results for each interval vs 0.1 Hz shown.
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4-6 months
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Plasticity of Spinal Neuronal Networks - Presynaptic Inhibition
Prazo: 4-6 months
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Presynaptic inhibition was assessed with a conditioning pulse train of 4 pulses with 9 ms duration, delivered to the CPN at the C-T intervals of 20, 60, or 100 ms. These C-T intervals were selected because the reflex inhibition produced at the intermediate C-T intervals is predominantly presynaptic. The stimulus to the CPN was delivered at 1.27 ± 0.12 (21.8 ± 10.1 mA) and 1.4 ± 0.28 (21.8 ± 10.1 mA) TA motor threshold before and after treatment, respectively. Control and conditioned soleus H-reflexes were randomly recorded across the C-T intervals tested, and 15 H-reflexes were recorded at each C-T interval. For each participant at each timepoint, amplitudes across the 15 H-reflexes per C-T interval were averaged. Results are listed for each C-T interval, pre- and post-intervention. |
4-6 months
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Plasticity of Spinal Neuronal Networks - Reciprocal Inhigition
Prazo: 4-6 months
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To assess restoration of reciprocal Ia inhibition, soleus H-reflexes were recorded following common peroneal nerve (CPN) stimulation at short conditioning-test (C-T) intervals of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 ms. The stimulus to the CPN was delivered at 1.27 ± 0.12 (21.8 ± 10.1 mA) and 1.4 ± 0.28 (21.8 ± 10.1 mA) TA motor threshold before and after treatment, respectively. Control and conditioned soleus H-reflexes were randomly recorded across the C-T intervals tested, and 15 H-reflexes were recorded at each C-T interval. For each participant at each timepoint, amplitudes across the 15 H-reflexes per C-T interval were averaged. Results are listed for each C-T interval, pre- and post-intervention. |
4-6 months
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Plasticity of Corticospinal Networks
Prazo: 4-6 months
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Neurophysiological measurements assessing changes in corticospinal excitability from the interventions by recording responses to single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) at rest and during robotic-assisted stepping. The tibialis anterior resting motor threshold (RMT) was established and corresponded to the lowest TMS maximal stimulator output that induced reproducible evoked potentials of at least ~50 µV in 4 out of 5 consecutive single TMS pulses. RMTs (percentage of maximal stimulator output) are shown pre- and post-intervention. |
4-6 months
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Medidas de resultados secundários
Medida de resultado |
Descrição da medida |
Prazo |
|---|---|---|
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Ambulatory Function
Prazo: 4-6 months
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Change in 10-meter timed test (seconds required to complete 10-meter walk) between baseline and post-intervention.
Fewer seconds means faster (better) gait.
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4-6 months
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Balance
Prazo: 4-6 months
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Changes in Berg Balance Scale score between baseline and post-intervention.
Scale scores between 0 and 56.
Higher scores mean better balance.
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4-6 months
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Autonomic Function
Prazo: 4-6 months
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SCIM III Bladder and Bowel management subscores Bladder subscore rated 0-15 (higher means better bladder function).
Bowel subscore rated 0-10 (higher means better bowel function).
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4-6 months
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Colaboradores e Investigadores
Patrocinador
Colaboradores
Investigadores
- Investigador principal: Noam Y. Harel, MD, PhD, Bronx Veterans Medical Research Foundation
- Investigador principal: Maria Knikou, PT, PhD, Research Foundation of the City University of New York
Publicações e links úteis
Publicações Gerais
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- Angeli CA, Boakye M, Morton RA, Vogt J, Benton K, Chen Y, Ferreira CK, Harkema SJ. Recovery of Over-Ground Walking after Chronic Motor Complete Spinal Cord Injury. N Engl J Med. 2018 Sep 27;379(13):1244-1250. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1803588. Epub 2018 Sep 24.
- Wagner FB, Mignardot JB, Le Goff-Mignardot CG, Demesmaeker R, Komi S, Capogrosso M, Rowald A, Seanez I, Caban M, Pirondini E, Vat M, McCracken LA, Heimgartner R, Fodor I, Watrin A, Seguin P, Paoles E, Van Den Keybus K, Eberle G, Schurch B, Pralong E, Becce F, Prior J, Buse N, Buschman R, Neufeld E, Kuster N, Carda S, von Zitzewitz J, Delattre V, Denison T, Lambert H, Minassian K, Bloch J, Courtine G. Targeted neurotechnology restores walking in humans with spinal cord injury. Nature. 2018 Nov;563(7729):65-71. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0649-2. Epub 2018 Oct 31.
- Gerasimenko Y, Gorodnichev R, Moshonkina T, Sayenko D, Gad P, Reggie Edgerton V. Transcutaneous electrical spinal-cord stimulation in humans. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2015 Sep;58(4):225-231. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2015.05.003. Epub 2015 Jul 20.
- Knikou M, Murray LM. Repeated transspinal stimulation decreases soleus H-reflex excitability and restores spinal inhibition in human spinal cord injury. PLoS One. 2019 Sep 26;14(9):e0223135. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223135. eCollection 2019.
- Sayenko DG, Rath M, Ferguson AR, Burdick JW, Havton LA, Edgerton VR, Gerasimenko YP. Self-Assisted Standing Enabled by Non-Invasive Spinal Stimulation after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma. 2019 May 1;36(9):1435-1450. doi: 10.1089/neu.2018.5956. Epub 2018 Dec 15.
- Kobayashi M, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology. Lancet Neurol. 2003 Mar;2(3):145-56. doi: 10.1016/s1474-4422(03)00321-1.
- Courtine G, Gerasimenko Y, van den Brand R, Yew A, Musienko P, Zhong H, Song B, Ao Y, Ichiyama RM, Lavrov I, Roy RR, Sofroniew MV, Edgerton VR. Transformation of nonfunctional spinal circuits into functional states after the loss of brain input. Nat Neurosci. 2009 Oct;12(10):1333-42. doi: 10.1038/nn.2401. Epub 2009 Sep 20.
- Dixon L, Ibrahim MM, Santora D, Knikou M. Paired associative transspinal and transcortical stimulation produces plasticity in human cortical and spinal neuronal circuits. J Neurophysiol. 2016 Aug 1;116(2):904-16. doi: 10.1152/jn.00259.2016. Epub 2016 Jun 8.
- Knikou M. Functional reorganization of soleus H-reflex modulation during stepping after robotic-assisted step training in people with complete and incomplete spinal cord injury. Exp Brain Res. 2013 Jul;228(3):279-96. doi: 10.1007/s00221-013-3560-y. Epub 2013 May 25.
- Smith AC, Mummidisetty CK, Rymer WZ, Knikou M. Locomotor training alters the behavior of flexor reflexes during walking in human spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2014 Nov 1;112(9):2164-75. doi: 10.1152/jn.00308.2014. Epub 2014 Aug 13.
- Smith AC, Rymer WZ, Knikou M. Locomotor training modifies soleus monosynaptic motoneuron responses in human spinal cord injury. Exp Brain Res. 2015 Jan;233(1):89-103. doi: 10.1007/s00221-014-4094-7. Epub 2014 Sep 10.
- Thomas SL, Gorassini MA. Increases in corticospinal tract function by treadmill training after incomplete spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2005 Oct;94(4):2844-55. doi: 10.1152/jn.00532.2005. Epub 2005 Jul 6.
- Winter DA, Patla AE, Prince F, Ishac M, Gielo-Perczak K. Stiffness control of balance in quiet standing. J Neurophysiol. 1998 Sep;80(3):1211-21. doi: 10.1152/jn.1998.80.3.1211.
- Harkema S, Gerasimenko Y, Hodes J, Burdick J, Angeli C, Chen Y, Ferreira C, Willhite A, Rejc E, Grossman RG, Edgerton VR. Effect of epidural stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord on voluntary movement, standing, and assisted stepping after motor complete paraplegia: a case study. Lancet. 2011 Jun 4;377(9781):1938-47. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60547-3. Epub 2011 May 19.
- Thompson AK, Pomerantz FR, Wolpaw JR. Operant conditioning of a spinal reflex can improve locomotion after spinal cord injury in humans. J Neurosci. 2013 Feb 6;33(6):2365-75. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3968-12.2013.
- Cote MP, Murray LM, Knikou M. Spinal Control of Locomotion: Individual Neurons, Their Circuits and Functions. Front Physiol. 2018 Jun 25;9:784. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00784. eCollection 2018.
- Ellaway PH, Catley M, Davey NJ, Kuppuswamy A, Strutton P, Frankel HL, Jamous A, Savic G. Review of physiological motor outcome measures in spinal cord injury using transcranial magnetic stimulation and spinal reflexes. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2007;44(1):69-76. doi: 10.1682/jrrd.2005.08.0140.
- Wirth B, van Hedel HJ, Curt A. Ankle paresis in incomplete spinal cord injury: relation to corticospinal conductivity and ambulatory capacity. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2008 Aug;25(4):210-7. doi: 10.1097/WNP.0b013e318183f4e3.
- Cirillo J, Calabro FJ, Perez MA. Impaired Organization of Paired-Pulse TMS-Induced I-Waves After Human Spinal Cord Injury. Cereb Cortex. 2016 May;26(5):2167-77. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhv048. Epub 2015 Mar 25.
- Arvanian VL, Schnell L, Lou L, Golshani R, Hunanyan A, Ghosh A, Pearse DD, Robinson JK, Schwab ME, Fawcett JW, Mendell LM. Chronic spinal hemisection in rats induces a progressive decline in transmission in uninjured fibers to motoneurons. Exp Neurol. 2009 Apr;216(2):471-80. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.01.004.
- Nielsen JB, Crone C, Hultborn H. The spinal pathophysiology of spasticity--from a basic science point of view. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2007 Feb;189(2):171-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2006.01652.x.
- Knikou M. Plantar cutaneous input modulates differently spinal reflexes in subjects with intact and injured spinal cord. Spinal Cord. 2007 Jan;45(1):69-77. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101917. Epub 2006 Mar 14.
- Knikou M, Angeli CA, Ferreira CK, Harkema SJ. Soleus H-reflex gain, threshold, and amplitude as function of body posture and load in spinal cord intact and injured subjects. Int J Neurosci. 2009;119(11):2056-73. doi: 10.1080/00207450903139747.
- Knikou M, Angeli CA, Ferreira CK, Harkema SJ. Soleus H-reflex modulation during body weight support treadmill walking in spinal cord intact and injured subjects. Exp Brain Res. 2009 Mar;193(3):397-407. doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1636-x. Epub 2008 Nov 15.
- Barthelemy D, Willerslev-Olsen M, Lundell H, Biering-Sorensen F, Nielsen JB. Assessment of transmission in specific descending pathways in relation to gait and balance following spinal cord injury. Prog Brain Res. 2015;218:79-101. doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.12.012. Epub 2015 Mar 29.
- Barthelemy D, Willerslev-Olsen M, Lundell H, Conway BA, Knudsen H, Biering-Sorensen F, Nielsen JB. Impaired transmission in the corticospinal tract and gait disability in spinal cord injured persons. J Neurophysiol. 2010 Aug;104(2):1167-76. doi: 10.1152/jn.00382.2010. Epub 2010 Jun 16.
- James ND, McMahon SB, Field-Fote EC, Bradbury EJ. Neuromodulation in the restoration of function after spinal cord injury. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Oct;17(10):905-917. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30287-4. Epub 2018 Sep 18.
- Tansey KE, McKay WB, Kakulas BA. Restorative neurology: consideration of the new anatomy and physiology of the injured nervous system. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012 Jun;114(5):436-40. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.01.010. Epub 2012 Feb 1.
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- Dobkin BH. Spinal and supraspinal plasticity after incomplete spinal cord injury: correlations between functional magnetic resonance imaging and engaged locomotor networks. Prog Brain Res. 2000;128:99-111. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(00)28010-2. No abstract available.
- Knikou M, Mummidisetty CK. Locomotor training improves premotoneuronal control after chronic spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2014 Jun 1;111(11):2264-75. doi: 10.1152/jn.00871.2013. Epub 2014 Mar 5.
- Knikou M, Smith AC, Mummidisetty CK. Locomotor training improves reciprocal and nonreciprocal inhibitory control of soleus motoneurons in human spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2015 Apr 1;113(7):2447-60. doi: 10.1152/jn.00872.2014. Epub 2015 Jan 21.
- Ramer LM, Ramer MS, Bradbury EJ. Restoring function after spinal cord injury: towards clinical translation of experimental strategies. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Dec;13(12):1241-56. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70144-9. Epub 2014 Nov 10.
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- Rejc E, Angeli C, Harkema S. Effects of Lumbosacral Spinal Cord Epidural Stimulation for Standing after Chronic Complete Paralysis in Humans. PLoS One. 2015 Jul 24;10(7):e0133998. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133998. eCollection 2015.
- Rejc E, Angeli CA, Bryant N, Harkema SJ. Effects of Stand and Step Training with Epidural Stimulation on Motor Function for Standing in Chronic Complete Paraplegics. J Neurotrauma. 2017 May 1;34(9):1787-1802. doi: 10.1089/neu.2016.4516. Epub 2016 Oct 5.
- Hofstoetter US, Knikou M, Guertin PA, Minassian K. Probing the Human Spinal Locomotor Circuits by Phasic Step-Induced Feedback and by Tonic Electrical and Pharmacological Neuromodulation. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(12):1805-1820. doi: 10.2174/1381612822666161214144655.
- Pulverenti TS, Islam MA, Alsalman O, Murray LM, Harel NY, Knikou M. Transspinal stimulation decreases corticospinal excitability and alters the function of spinal locomotor networks. J Neurophysiol. 2019 Dec 1;122(6):2331-2343. doi: 10.1152/jn.00554.2019. Epub 2019 Oct 2.
- Donovan J, Kirshblum S. Clinical Trials in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Neurotherapeutics. 2018 Jul;15(3):654-668. doi: 10.1007/s13311-018-0632-5.
- James ND, Bartus K, Grist J, Bennett DL, McMahon SB, Bradbury EJ. Conduction failure following spinal cord injury: functional and anatomical changes from acute to chronic stages. J Neurosci. 2011 Dec 14;31(50):18543-55. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4306-11.2011.
- Murray LM, Knikou M. Repeated cathodal transspinal pulse and direct current stimulation modulate cortical and corticospinal excitability differently in healthy humans. Exp Brain Res. 2019 Jul;237(7):1841-1852. doi: 10.1007/s00221-019-05559-2. Epub 2019 May 11.
- Knikou M. Transpinal and transcortical stimulation alter corticospinal excitability and increase spinal output. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 9;9(7):e102313. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102313. eCollection 2014.
- Knikou M, Murray LM. Neural interactions between transspinal evoked potentials and muscle spindle afferents in humans. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2018 Dec;43:174-183. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.10.005. Epub 2018 Oct 9.
- Gerasimenko YP, Lu DC, Modaber M, Zdunowski S, Gad P, Sayenko DG, Morikawa E, Haakana P, Ferguson AR, Roy RR, Edgerton VR. Noninvasive Reactivation of Motor Descending Control after Paralysis. J Neurotrauma. 2015 Dec 15;32(24):1968-80. doi: 10.1089/neu.2015.4008. Epub 2015 Aug 20.
- Gorodnichev RM, Pivovarova EA, Pukhov A, Moiseev SA, Savokhin AA, Moshonkina TR, Shcherbakova NA, Kilimnik VA, Selionov VA, Kozlovskaia IB, Edgerton VR, Gerasimenko IuP. [Transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord: non-invasive tool for activation of locomotor circuitry in human]. Fiziol Cheloveka. 2012 Mar-Apr;38(2):46-56. Russian.
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