The Effect of Warmed Socks Developed as Wearable Technology on Hypothermia, Thermal Comfort Perception and Shivering

September 2, 2025 updated by: Gamze BOZKUL, Tarsus University

The Effect of Warmed Socks Developed as Wearable Technology on Hypothermia, Thermal Comfort Perception and Shivering in Healthy Volunteers

In this study, it is aimed to reveal the effect of the use of heated socks to be developed as wearable technology by providing temperature control on body temperature, comfort perception level and shivering development in healthy volunteers and this purpose constitutes the unique value of the project. The research was planned as a prospective, two-arm (1:1), randomized controlled, double-blind study. The population of the study will consist of 4th year nursing students consisting of an average of 250 people who will enroll in the fall semester of the 2024-2025 academic year. As a result of the power analysis performed in the G*Power program, the sample will consist of 70 healthy volunteers, at least 35 in each group. In the study, data will be collected with the "Descriptive Characteristics Form" and "Hypothermia Monitoring Form (Shivering Level Diagnosis Form and Temperature Comfort Perception Scale)" which includes the descriptive information of healthy volunteers. Healthy volunteers will fill out the "Introductory Characteristics Form" and "Hypothermia Monitoring Form" before being taken to the Faculty of Nursing Skills Laboratory for the application. Before the volunteers are taken to the single rooms in the laboratory, the environment will be cooled for 30 minutes with the air conditioner in the room so that the temperature is 21oC. The study group will wear socks developed with wearable technology and the control group will wear socks with the same appearance. The healthy volunteer will be asked to lie motionless on the bed for 60 minutes in a single room. Body temperature (with Braun tympanic thermometer), shivering level and temperature comfort perception will be recorded on the "Hypothermia Monitoring Form" when all healthy volunteers are taken to the Skills Laboratory, at 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 60 minutes, and when they leave the laboratory. The research data will be analyzed in a computer environment. Descriptive variables of healthy volunteers included in the study will be expressed as mean±standard deviation and median (maximum minimum), percentage and frequency. Changes in body temperature measurements obtained after wearing socks to be developed with wearable technology, repeated measurements, analysis of variance (Repeated ANOVA) if parametric, Friedman test if non-parametric, and post-hoc test will be used in intra-group multiple comparison analysis as further analy

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Increasing developments in science have led to rapid advances in health technology. One of these developments is wearable technology. Wearable devices play a key role in the field of healthcare, especially since they play an active role in providing data by monitoring changes in vital signs in real time. Textile-based sensors, electrodes and other devices are used in conjunction with wearable technological devices due to their low cost, flexibility and ease of application. Existing studies have focused on the impact of wearable technologies on positive patient outcomes in different fields. However, previously developed textile-based medical products, patents or utility model examples have not been designed to prevent hypothermia in healthy adults by providing temperature control. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the effect of the use of heated socks to be developed as wearable technology by providing temperature control on body temperature, comfort perception level and shivering development in healthy volunteers and this purpose constitutes the unique value of the project. The research was planned as a prospective, two-arm (1:1), randomized controlled, double-blind study. The population of the study will consist of 4th year nursing students consisting of an average of 250 people who will enroll in the fall semester of the 2024-2025 academic year. As a result of the power analysis performed in the G*Power program, the sample will consist of 70 healthy volunteers, at least 35 in each group, taking into account the losses with 95% power and a maximum of 5% type error in both directions. In the study, data will be collected with the "Descriptive Characteristics Form" and "Hypothermia Monitoring Form (Shivering Level Diagnosis Form and Temperature Comfort Perception Scale)" which includes the descriptive information of healthy volunteers. Healthy volunteers will fill out the "Introductory Characteristics Form" and "Hypothermia Monitoring Form" before being taken to the Faculty of Nursing Skills Laboratory for the application. Before the volunteers are taken to the single rooms in the laboratory, the environment will be cooled for 30 minutes with the air conditioner in the room so that the temperature is 21oC. The study group will wear socks developed with wearable technology and the control group will wear socks with the same appearance. The healthy volunteer will be asked to lie motionless on the bed for 60 minutes in a single room. Body temperature (with Braun tympanic thermometer), shivering level and temperature comfort perception will be recorded on the "Hypothermia Monitoring Form" when all healthy volunteers are taken to the Skills Laboratory, at 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 60 minutes, and when they leave the laboratory. The research data will be analyzed in a computer environment. Descriptive variables of healthy volunteers included in the study will be expressed as mean±standard deviation and median (maximum minimum), percentage and frequency. Changes in body temperature measurements obtained after wearing socks to be developed with wearable technology, repeated measurements, analysis of variance (Repeated ANOVA) if parametric, Friedman test if non-parametric, and post-hoc test will be used in intra-group multiple comparison analysis as further analysis.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
70

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Child
  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • -Written and verbal permission to participate in the study was obtained,
  • No communication problems,
  • Speaks and understands Turkish,
  • Non-hypothermic,
  • Not diagnosed with a chronic disease,
  • Not allergic to sock material,
  • No peripheral vascular disease,
  • Without a device that sends electric current into the body (pacemaker, etc.),
  • Healthy volunteers with a body mass index within normal limits (18.5-24.9 kg/m2).

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Written and verbal permission to participate in the research could not be obtained,
  • Communication problems,
  • Speaking Turkish but not understanding it,
  • Diagnosed with a chronic disease,
  • Hypothermic,
  • Peripheral vascular disease,
  • Allergic to sock material,
  • A person with a device (pacemaker, etc.) that sends electric current into the body,
  • Healthy volunteers with a body mass index not within normal limits (<18.5 kg/m2- >25 kg/m2)

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
  • Masking: Triple

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
The study group will wear heated socks to be developed with wearable technology
Other: Heated socks to be developed with wearable technology
The study group will wear heated socks to be developed with wearable technology
No Intervention: CONTROL GROUP
The control group will wear socks that look exactly the same as the heated socks developed with wearable technology worn by the study group, but with a closed heating circuit.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Body temperature
Time Frame: 5 months
Hypothermia Monitoring Form: It is a form in which body temperature, shivering level and temperature comfort perception of healthy volunteers are recorded. The body temperature of the healthy volunteers in the study and control groups will be measured when they are admitted to the basic skills laboratory, 15 minutes after they are admitted to the laboratory, 30 minutes after they are admitted to the laboratory, 60 minutes after they are admitted to the laboratory and when they leave the laboratory, and their shivering level and temperature comfort perception will also be measured during these periods. In this form, the measurement times of body temperature values were determined based on the literature
5 months
Shivering level
Time Frame: 5 months
Tremor Level Diagnosis Form: The form, which Badjaita et al. (2008) determined the criteria by observation, determines the level of tremor according to the tremor in the extremities between 0 (no tremor) and 3 (severe tremor in the trunk, lower and upper extremities) points.
5 months
Thermal comfort perception
Time Frame: 5 months
Hypothermia Monitoring Form: It is a form in which body temperature, shivering level and temperature comfort perception of healthy volunteers are recorded. The body temperature of the healthy volunteers in the study and control groups will be measured when they are admitted to the basic skills laboratory, 15 minutes after they are admitted to the laboratory, 30 minutes after they are admitted to the laboratory, 60 minutes after they are admitted to the laboratory and when they leave the laboratory, and their shivering level and temperature comfort perception will also be measured during these periods. In this form, the measurement times of body temperature values were determined based on the literature
5 months
Descriptive Characteristics
Time Frame: 5 months
Descriptive Characteristics Form: The form created by the researcher in line with the literature consists of questions about descriptive characteristics of the voluntueers
5 months

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Tarsus University

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
Mersin University

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: GAMZE BOZKUL, Tarsus University
  • Principal Investigator: Evren Değirmenci, Mersin University
  • Principal Investigator: Murat BOZLU, Mersin University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
December 15, 2025

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
June 15, 2026

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
September 15, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
February 21, 2024

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
February 27, 2024

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
February 28, 2024

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Estimated)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
September 9, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
September 2, 2025

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
September 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • TU-BOZKUL-007

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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