Fracture Risk With Thiazolidinediones

The Association Between Exposure to Spironolactone or Amiloride and Fracture Risk Among Subjects Treated With Thiazolidinediones

Treatment with thiazolidinediones (TZD) has recently been reported to possibly increase the risk of fractures in a randomized trial exploring the efficacy of rosiglitazone (RSG), metformin, or glyburide encompassing 4360 patients with type 2 diabetes.

It is hypothesized that spironolactone, a diuretic that is broadly used for the treatment of fluid retention and edema associated with TZD, has a potential protective effect against bone fractures. However, to our knowledge, this has not been tested in diabetic patients treated with TZD. Amiloride is another diuretic that shares with spironolactone the anti mineralocorticoid ion gated channels activity and will be analysed in this study with regard to possible protective effect against bone fracture in combination with TZD.

This study is a nested case-control study conducted among type 2 diabetes subjects exposed to TZD. The study aims to explore if the risk of fracture is reduced among type 2 diabetic subjects exposed to spironolactone and TZD. The study will compare the odds of any low impact fracture, and hand, foot, upper arm, wrist, and hip fracture incidence in subjects treated with TZD+spironolactone and TZD+amiloride compared to subjects treated with TZD only.

The study population will consist of type 2 diabetes patients aged 18 -65 years old exposed to TZD. To be eligible for the study, a subject must have had at least one International Classification of Disease (ICD)-9 code for type 2 diabetes and have at least 6 months or at least 12 months of exposure to TZD (rosiglitazone [RSG], pioglitazone [PIO] or troglitazone) during their follow-up time available in the database.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Fractures, Bone; Type II Diabetes
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: TZD only (RSG or PIO or troglitazone); Drug: TZD + spironolactone; Drug: TZD + amiloride

Detailed Description

Patients were not recruited for nor enrolled in this study. This study is a retrospective observational study. Data from medical records or insurance claims databases are anonymised and used to develop a patient cohort. All diagnoses and treatment are recorded in the course of routine medical practice.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 98483

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

The study population will consist of type 2 diabetes patients aged 18 -65 years old exposed to TZD for at least 6 months or at least 12 months. The study will use data from the US health claims database, the Ingenix Impact National Managed Care Database (Impact Database). The Impact Database system is a comprehensive, de-identified U.S. healthcare claims database that is representative of the non-elderly, insurance-carrying population. It includes 89.3 million lives from 1997 to 2008. Approximately 74 percent of all patients in the database have pharmacy benefits and, on average, 25 months of enrollment/claims information. The data are collected from over 46 different healthcare plans serving members across nine census regions.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• At least one ICD-9 code for type 2 diabetes
• At least 6 months or at least 12 months of exposure to TZD (RSG, PIO or troglitazone) during their follow-up time available in the database (The subject's study period begin date will be defined as the earliest date of their first TZD prescription. Subjects included in the study are required to have at least six months of follow-up time in the database prior to their first TZD prescription)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Subjects with a diagnosis of Paget's disease and osteomalacia
• A history of fracture, osteoporosis or cancer prior to the first prescription of TZD (study begin date)

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

1

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort

Intervention / Treatment

Type 2 diabetes subjects

Drug: TZD only (RSG or PIO or troglitazone); Drug exposure will be inferred from prescription claims. Subjects who have been exposed to TZD for at least 6 months or at least 12 months will be considered for inclusion.; Drug: TZD + spironolactone; Subjects who have been exposed to TZD for at least 6 months or at least 12 months will be considered for inclusion. In order to be eligible for inclusion in this category, the prescription days supply for TZD and spirinolactone must overlap by at least 30 days.; Drug: TZD + amiloride; Subjects who have been exposed to TZD for at least 6 months or at least 12 months will be considered for inclusion. In order to be eligible for inclusion in this category, the prescription days supply for TZD and Amiloride must overlap by at least 30 days.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Low Impact Fractures in Males and Females After 6 Months of Exposure to TZD	ICD-9 codes (805-807.4x, 808-810.xx, 812-829.xx) were captured from Uniform Billing-92 records and Health Care Finance Administration records. Case is defined as incident cases of fracture with an ICD-9 diagnostic code for any low impact fracture occurring after the study period begin date (earliest date of the first TZD prescription). For each subject defined as case, up to four controls were randomly selected from patients with type 2 diabetes exposed to TZD without a fracture diagnosis during follow-up and matched to cases on age (+ 5 years), gender, and year of fracture diagnosis.	From the earliest date of first TZD prescription to the fracture diagnosis date (Cases) or the end of follow-up in the database (Controls) between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2008
Number of Low Impact Fractures in Males and Females After 12 Months of Exposure to TZD	ICD-9 codes (805-807.4x, 808-810.xx, 812-829.xx) were captured from Uniform Billing-92 records and Health Care Finance Administration records. Case is defined as incident cases of fracture with an ICD-9 diagnostic code for any low impact fracture occurring after the study period begin date (earliest date of the first TZD prescription). For each subject defined as case, up to four controls were randomly selected from patients with type 2 diabetes exposed to TZD without a fracture diagnosis during follow-up and matched to cases on age (+ 5 years), gender, and year of fracture diagnosis.	From the earliest date of first TZD prescription to the fracture diagnosis date (Cases) or the end of follow-up in the database (Controls) between January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2008

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Fractures of the Hand, Foot, Upper Arm, and Wrist in Males and Females After 6 Months of Exposure to TZD	ICD-9 codes (815.0x, 816.0x, 817.0x, 825.0x, 825.2x, 826.0x, 812.0x, 812.2x, 812.4x, 814.0x) were captured from UB-92 records and HCFA 1500 records. Case is defined as incident cases of fracture with an ICD-9 diagnostic code for hand, foot, upper arm, and wrist fracture after the study period begin date (earliest date of the first TZD prescription). For each case, up to four controls were randomly selected from patients with type 2 diabetes exposed to TZD without a fracture diagnosis during follow-up and matched on age (+ 5 yrs), gender, and year of fracture diagnosis.	From the earliest date of first TZD prescription to the fracture diagnosis date (Cases) or the end of follow-up in the database (Controls) between January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2008
Number of Fractures of the Hand, Foot, Upper Arm, and Wrist in Males and Females After 12 Months of Exposure to TZD	ICD-9 codes (815.0x, 816.0x, 817.0x, 825.0x, 825.2x, 826.0x, 812.0x, 812.2x, 812.4x, 814.0x) were captured from UB-92 records and HCFA 1500 records. Case is defined as incident cases of fracture with an ICD-9 diagnostic code for hand, foot, upper arm, and wrist fracture after the study period begin date (earliest date of the first TZD prescription). For each case, up to four controls were randomly selected from patients with type 2 diabetes exposed to TZD without a fracture diagnosis during follow-up and matched on age (+ 5 yrs), gender, and year of fracture diagnosis.	From the earliest date of first TZD prescription to the fracture diagnosis date (Cases) or the end of follow-up in the database (Controls) between January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2008
Number of Hip Fractures Combined in Males and Females After 6 Months of Exposure to TZD	ICD-9 codes (820.0x, 820.2x, 820.8x) were captured from UB-92 records and HCFA 1500 records. Case is defined as incident cases of fracture with an ICD-9 diagnostic code for hip fracture after the study period begin date (earliest date of the first TZD prescription). For each case, up to four controls were randomly selected from patients with type 2 diabetes exposed to TZD without a fracture diagnosis during follow-up and matched on age (+ 5 yrs), gender, and year of fracture diagnosis.	From the earliest date of first TZD prescription to the fracture diagnosis date (Cases) or the end of follow-up in the database (Controls) between January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2008
Number of Hip Fractures Combined in Males and Females After 12 Months of Exposure to TZD	ICD-9 codes (820.0x, 820.2x, 820.8x) were captured from UB-92 records and HCFA 1500 records. Case is defined as incident cases of fracture with an ICD-9 diagnostic code for hip fracture after the study period begin date (earliest date of the first TZD prescription). For each case, up to four controls were randomly selected from patients with type 2 diabetes exposed to TZD without a fracture diagnosis during follow-up and matched on age (+ 5 yrs), gender, and year of fracture diagnosis.	From the earliest date of first TZD prescription to the fracture diagnosis date (Cases) or the end of follow-up in the database (Controls) between January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2008

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: GlaxoSmithKline

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: May 1, 2009
• Primary Completion (Actual): March 1, 2010
• Study Completion (Actual): March 1, 2010

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 21, 2010
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 21, 2010
• First Posted (Estimate): January 25, 2010

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 30, 2017
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 25, 2017
• Last Verified: May 1, 2017

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: fracture; pioglitazone; Spironolactone; rosiglitazone; amiloride; thiazolidinediones
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Wounds and Injuries; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fractures, Bone; Hypoglycemic Agents; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists; Natriuretic Agents; Membrane Transport Modulators; Diuretics; Sodium Channel Blockers; Hormone Antagonists; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; Diuretics, Potassium Sparing; Acid Sensing Ion Channel Blockers; Epithelial Sodium Channel Blockers; Spironolactone; Amiloride; Troglitazone
• Other Study ID Numbers: 113332