Islet Cell Transplant for Type 1 Diabetes (TCD)

Islet Transplantation Using a T-Cell Depleting Immunosuppression Induction Regimen

City of Hope National Medical Center, located in Duarte, CA, is hosting a clinical study on islet cell transplantation, an experimental procedure being evaluated as a treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes. Islet cell transplantation involves taking insulin-producing cells from organ donors and transplanting them into the liver of a patient with diabetes. Once transplanted, the islets produce insulin, which can improve blood sugar control and eliminate the need to inject insulin or use an insulin pump.

Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) and alemtuzumab (Campath) are anti-rejection medications that work by decreasing a patient's T-cells. T-cells are special white blood cells that recognize and destroy unwanted things like infections but can also attack transplanted cells and organs. Reducing the number of T-cells at the time of transplant may protect islets and improve long-term transplant success. In previous research studies, islet transplantation has been successful in reducing low blood sugar episodes, improving overall blood sugar control, and in some cases, allowing patients with type 1 diabetes to stop taking insulin.

The purpose of this study is to determine if islet cell transplantation using ATG or alemtuzumab, along with additional medications to prevent the body from rejecting the transplanted cells, is a safe and effective treatment for type 1 diabetes. Study participants may receive up to three islet transplants and will be followed for five years to monitor blood sugar control, islet transplant function, and changes in quality of life.

Study Overview

• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Conditions: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
• Intervention / Treatment: Biological: Allogenic Human Islet Cells; Drug: Immunosuppressive Agents; Drug: Gastrin 17

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 10
• Phase: Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • California
    • Duarte, California, United States, 91010
      • City of Hope Medical Center

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 68 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Three different categories of patients with Type 1 Diabetes will be considered for study participation:

• Naïve islet transplant alone (nITA) candidates: T1D patients complicated by frequent/severe hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia unawareness, AND/OR otherwise unstable blood glucose control who have not received a previous transplant (except for a failed pancreas more than 6 months prior to screening)
• Repeat transplant (RT) candidates: T1D patients who have received two or fewer previous islet transplants > 1 month prior to screening, but continue to require exogenous insulin treatment or have an HbA1c > 6.5%
• Islet after kidney transplant (IAK) candidates: T1D patients with a history of successful renal transplant > 3 months prior to screening

Inclusion criteria for all candidates:

1. Age 18-68 years
2. Type 1 diabetes mellitus for at least 5 years

3. Ability and willingness to comply with post-transplant regimen, including taking anti-rejection medications, use of reliable contraception, frequent clinic visits, lab tests, careful recording of blood glucose values, insulin doses and medications, and completing detailed follow-up studies

   Additional Inclusion Criteria nITA Candidates Only

4. Unstable blood sugar control characterized by:

   Frequent hypoglycemia (blood glucose ≤ 54 mg/dl more than once per week) -AND/OR- Hypoglycemia unawareness (Clarke score of 4 or more) -AND/OR- One or more severe hypoglycemic episodes in 12 months preceding enrollment. -AND/OR- Erratic blood glucose levels that interfere with daily activities -AND/OR- One or more hospital visits for diabetic ketoacidosis in the 12 months preceding enrollment

   Additional Inclusion Criteria for RT Candidates Only

5. One or two or previous islet transplants > 1 month prior to screening with continuing insulin requirements and/or HbA1c > 6.5%

   Additional Inclusion Criteria for IAK Candidates Only

6. Successful kidney transplant > 3 months prior to screening
7. Stable maintenance immunosuppression consisting of tacrolimus alone or in conjunction with sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, myfortic or azathoprine; or cyclosporine in conjunction with sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, or myfortic +/- ≤ 10 mg/day corticosteroids
8. No history of acute rejection related to kidney graft in last 12 months and low risk of rejection
9. Under continuing care of physician for kidney graft, who has provided letter in support of candidate's consideration for study participation

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Body Mass Index (BMI) > 33
2. Insulin requirements > 1.2 units/kg/day
3. Known sensitization to both rATG -and- alemtuzumab
4. Significant kidney dysfunction
5. Significant liver/gall bladder disease
6. Significant cardiovascular disease
7. Active proliferative retinopathy
8. High blood pressure despite appropriate treatment
9. High cholesterol/triglycerides despite appropriate treatment
10. Anemia or other blood disorders that require medical treatment
11. WBC <3,000/ul
12. Increased risk of bleeding, other chronic hemostasis disorders, or treatment with chronic anticoagulant therapy
13. Recent unresolved acute infection (except for mild skin infection or nail fungal infection), or chronic infection
14. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) IgG negative
15. Any history of malignancy, except for completely resected squamous or basal cell carcinoma of the skin or in situ cancer of the cervix
16. Recent history of non-adherence to medical treatment, or inability to demonstrate capacity to comply with strict blood glycemic control and insulin therapy
17. Psychiatric illness that is untreated, or likely to interfere significantly with study compliance despite treatment
18. Previous organ/tissue transplant, except as noted above
19. Administration of live attenuated vaccines within 2 months of enrollment
20. Presence of a chronic disease that must be chronically treated with a contraindicated agent
21. Use of investigational agents within four weeks of enrollment
22. Active alcohol or substance abuse, including cigarette smoking
23. Pregnant women, women intending future pregnancy, women of reproductive potential who are unable or unwilling to follow effective contraceptive measures prior to study entry and for as long as they are on immunosuppression medication, and women presently breast feeding are excluded
24. Individuals without health insurance
25. History of gastric bypass
26. Any medical condition that in the opinion of the investigator will interfere with safe participation in the trial

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Intervention / Treatment

Experimental: Single Arm Study; Allogenic Human Islet Cell Transplant with immunosuppression

Biological: Allogenic Human Islet Cells; Intraportal (into the liver) infusion of islet cells, with a maximum of three islet transplants.; Other Names: Islet transplant, islet transplantation; Drug: Immunosuppressive Agents; Anti-rejection medications (to prevent the body from rejecting the islet cells) and other medications to guard against infection and support participant health and/or the health of the transplanted islets.; Drug: Gastrin 17; Gastrin-17 (or GAST-17) - a gut hormone injected under the skin for 30 days (optional treatment for islet dysfunction).; Other Names: GAST-17

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Proportion of subjects who are insulin independent, hypoglycemia free, AND with hemoglobin A1c < or = 6.5% at 1 year post-transplant	1 year post-transplant
Proportion of subjects who are insulin independent, hypoglycemia free, AND with hemoglobin A1c < or = 6.5% at 2 years post-transplant	2 years post-transplant
Proportion of subjects who are insulin independent, hypoglycemia free, AND with hemoglobin A1c < or = 6.5% at 5 years post-transplant	5 years post-transplant

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Proportion of subjects who are free of severe hypoglycemic episodes AND have a hemoglobin A1c < or = 7.0%	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Proportion of subjects experiencing reduction/elimination of hypoglycemic episodes	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant
Duration of insulin independence	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant
Proportion of subjects who maintain a positive c-peptide secretion response to glucose/glucagon stimulation	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant
Change in average daily insulin use compared to baseline	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant
Decline in insulin intake/100,000 IEQ infused	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant
Insulin secretion during Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT), IVGTT+arginine stimulation (IVGTT+AST), Maximum Stimulated Insulin Secretion test (MSIS), and/or Mixed Meal Tolerance Test (MMTT)	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant
Rate of alloimmune rejection	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant
Rate of autoimmune reactivation	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant
Incidence and severity of adverse events related to islet transplant procedure	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant
Incidence and severity of adverse events related to immunosuppression	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant
Incidence of change in immunosuppression drug regimen	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant
Incidence of immune sensitization defined by presence of anti-HLA antibodies post-transplant that were absent pre-transplant	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant
Incidence of discontinuation of immunosuppression	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant
Improvement in glucose time within range during continuous glucose monitoring	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant
Improvement in Personal Glycemic State (PGS) score calculated from continuous glucose monitoring	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant
Incidence of Gastrin-17 use for treatment of islet graft dysfunction AND incidence of change or early discontinuation of Gastrin-17 treatment	+75 days, +6 months, +12 months, and +2, +3, +4 and +5 years post islet transplant

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: City of Hope Medical Center
• Collaborators: University of California, Los Angeles
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Fouad Kandeel, MD, PhD, City of Hope Medical Center

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Aslamy A, Oh E, Ahn M, Moin ASM, Chang M, Duncan M, Hacker-Stratton J, El-Shahawy M, Kandeel F, DiMeglio LA, Thurmond DC. Exocytosis Protein DOC2B as a Biomarker of Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 May 1;103(5):1966-1976. doi: 10.1210/jc.2017-02492.

Helpful Links

• City of Hope Islet Cell Transplantation Program

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): October 16, 2013
• Primary Completion (Estimated): October 16, 2025
• Study Completion (Estimated): October 16, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: July 22, 2013
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 24, 2013
• First Posted (Estimated): July 26, 2013

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimated): February 22, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 20, 2024
• Last Verified: February 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: hypoglycemia; hypoglycemia unawareness; insulin independence; insulin dependence; islet transplant; labile diabetes; Islet cells; islet after kidney transplantation
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Immune System Diseases; Autoimmune Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Immunologic Factors; Hormones; Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists; Immunosuppressive Agents; Gastrins
• Other Study ID Numbers: 12446

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No