Mini-Dose Glucagon to Treat Non-Severe Hypoglycemia

Mini-Dose Glucagon for Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Mini-dose Glucagon for Treatment of Non-severe Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

The purpose of this study is to determine if a small dose of glucagon (mini-dose glucagon) is effective for the treatment of non-severe hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: G-Pen Mini™ (glucagon injection); Other: Glucose Tablets

Detailed Description

There are three phases included in this study: (1) Pre-crossover Trial Run-in Phase, (2) Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) Crossover Trial Phase, and (3) Post-Crossover Trial Extension Phase.

1. Run-in Phase:

   Prior to commencing the crossover trial, study enrollment will begin with a 2 week run-in phase to assess hypoglycemia eligibility and compliance.

2. Crossover Trial Phase:

   The Crossover Trial Phase will consist of two (3-week) periods.

   The Crossover Trial Phase will include up to 24 participants who complete these study periods. Participants who do not complete both periods or who do not have at least one event during both periods may be replaced.

   During the Crossover Trial Phase participants will be randomized into two groups: (1) Group A will use mini-dose glucagon in period 1 and oral glucose tablets in period 2 and (2) Group B will use oral glucose tablets in period 1 and mini-dose glucagon in period 2. Each group with follow the applicable treatment arm according to their randomized group.

3. Extension Phase:

The Post-Crossover Trial phase will commence upon completion of the second 3-week period of the Crossover Trial Phase. Participants will have a 3 week phase during which time they will decide whether to use mini-dose glucagon or glucose tablets to treat each non-severe hypoglycemic event or to prevent hypoglycemia.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 26
• Phase: Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Colorado
    • Aurora, Colorado, United States, 80045
      • University of Colorado/Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes
  • Connecticut
    • New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06510
      • Yale University of Medicine
  • Massachusetts
    • Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215
      • Joslin Diabetes Center
  • New York
    • Syracuse, New York, United States, 13210
      • SUNY Upstate Medical University
  • Pennsylvania
    • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104
      • University of Pennsylvania

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 64 years (ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Clinical diagnosis of presumed autoimmune T1D and receiving daily insulin
2. Age: 18.0 to < 65.0 years
3. Duration of T1D: ≥2.0 years
4. Body mass index 20.0 to <35.0 kg/m2 and weight 110 to <250 lbs
5. HbA1c <8.5% (point of care or local lab, within past month)
6. Using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy (i.e., insulin pump) for at least 3 months, with no plans to discontinue use during the study (and no use of active low glucose suspend feature within the last 4 weeks)
7. Using continuous glucose monitor ≥6 days/week in the last 4 weeks, with no plans to discontinue continuous glucose monitor use during the study
8. Continuous glucose monitor glucose level <70 mg/dl during daytime hours (e.g., 8am - 10pm) on at least 7 of the past 28 days (a modification can be made for participants with non-traditional waking hours) evaluated from downloaded CGM data

9. Females must meet one of the following criteria:

   • Of childbearing potential and not currently pregnant (negative pregnancy test) or lactating, and agrees to use an accepted contraceptive regimen as described in the study procedure manual throughout the entire duration of the study (from screening visit until study completion); or
   • Of non-childbearing potential, defined as a female who has had a hysterectomy or tubal ligation, is clinically considered infertile or is in a menopausal state (at least 1 year without menses)
10. In good general health with no conditions that could influence the outcome of the trial, and in the judgment of the investigator is a good candidate for the study based on review of available medical history, physical examination and clinical laboratory evaluations
11. Willing to adhere to the protocol requirements for the duration of the study
12. Participant has a smart phone available and is able to use it daily
13. Must be enrolled in the T1D Exchange clinic registry or willing to join the clinic registry

Exclusion Criteria:

1. More than 1 severe hypoglycemic episode in the past 12 months (as defined by an episode that required third party assistance for treatment)
2. More than 1 episode of diabetic ketoacidosis in the past 12 months (as defined by an episode diagnosed as diabetic ketoacidosis that required treatment in an emergency department or hospitalization)
3. Presence of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, liver or kidney disease, or any medical condition which, in the judgment of the investigator, could potentiate or predispose to undesired effects or could interfere with the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of glucagon or ability to respond appropriately to mild to moderate hypoglycemia.
4. Known presence of hereditary problems of glycogen storage disease, galactose and/or lactose intolerance
5. Males with alcohol use in excess of 3 or more drinks per day, on average and females with alcohol use in excess of 2 or more drinks per day, on average
6. Use of non-insulin anti-diabetic medications
7. Use of daily systemic beta-blocker
8. Use of beta-adrenergic agonists, theophylline (or other methylxanthines)
9. Use of 1st generation anticholinergic drugs (such as Brompheniramine, Chlorpheniramine, Dimenhydrinate, Diphenhydramine, and Doxylamine)
10. Use of systemic corticosteroids
11. History of hypersensitivity to glucagon or any related product or excipient or severe hypersensitivity reactions (such as angioedema) to any drugs
12. History of epilepsy or seizure disorder
13. Uncontrolled hypertension, >160 mmHg systolic or >100 mmHg diastolic

14. Currently a high endurance exerciser or plans to perform high endurance exercise during study (from screening visit until study completion)

    • High endurance exerciser defined as a person who regularly competes in running, cycling, rowing, swimming or any other endurance-based activity for the purpose of competition (>2100 metabolic equivalent of task (MET) minutes per week [i.e. 7 METs x 60 minutes x 5 days a week, where 7 METs is equivalent to jogging])
15. Currently following a very low calorie or other weight-loss diet
16. Participation in other studies involving administration of an investigational drug or device within 30 days or 5 half-lives, whichever is longer, before screening for the current study or planning to participate in another such study during participation in the current study

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: CROSSOVER
• Masking: NONE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: G-Pen Mini™ (glucagon injection); Participants are to check blood glucose (BG) with study meter once their continuous glucose monitor (CGM) reads <70 mg/dl or they experience symptoms. Participants will be instructed to treat using mini-dose glucagon for certain phases/periods when BG is 40 to 69 mg/dl (considered a non-severe hypoglycemic event). For every event, participant will check BG with meter 3 times and treat according to protocol instructions based on BG measurement.	Drug: G-Pen Mini™ (glucagon injection); 1st BG check, 1st treatment; BG is 50-69 mg/dl, treatment is 150 µg of glucagon; BG is 40-49 mg/dl, treatment is 300 µg of glucagon 15 min later, 2nd BG check, 2nd treatment; BG is 60-69 mg/dl, no treatment; BG is 50-59 mg/dl, treatment is 150 µg of glucagon; BG is <50 mg/dl, treatment is participant's preferred oral carbohydrate and not mini-dose glucagon 30 minutes later, 3rd BG check, 3rd treatment; BG is >=70, no treatment; BG is <70 mg/dl, treatment is participant's preferred oral carbohydrate and not mini-dose glucagon (150 µg of glucagon per syringe); Other Names: mini-dose glucagon
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR: Glucose Tabs; Participants are to check their blood glucose (BG) with study meter once their continuous glucose meter reads <70 mg/dl or they experience symptoms. Participants will be instructed to treat using oral glucose tablets for certain phases/periods when BG is 40 to 69 mg/dl (considered a non-severe hypoglycemic event). For every event, participant will check BG with meter 3 times and treat according to protocol instructions based on BG measurement.	Other: Glucose Tablets; 1st BG check, 1st treatment; BG is 50-69 mg/dl, treatment is 15 grams of carbohydrates; BG is 40-49 mg/dl, treatment is 30 grams of carbohydrates 15 min later, 2nd BG check, 2nd treatment; BG is 60-69 mg/dl, no treatment; BG is 50-59 mg/dl, treatment is 15 grams of carbohydrates; BG is <50 mg/dl, treatment is participant's preferred oral carbohydrate and not mini-dose glucagon 30 minutes later, 3rd BG check, 3rd treatment; BG is >=70, no treatment; BG is <70 mg/dl, treatment is participant's preferred oral carbohydrate and not mini-dose glucagon (5 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates (D-Glucose) per tablet); Other Names: over-the-counter oral glucose tablets; glucose tabs

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Number of Hypoglycemic Events ≥50 mg/dl 15 Minutes AND ≥ 70 mg/dl 30 Minutes After Initial Treatment	30 minutes

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) Minimum Glucose, Event Level	Minimum glucose from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first hour after start of hypoglycemic event	60 Minutes
CGM Maximum Glucose, Event Level	Maximum glucose from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first hour after start of hypoglycemic event	60 Minutes
CGM Mean Glucose, Event Level	Median (IQR) reported for mean glucose from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first hour after start of hypoglycemic event	60 Minutes
CGM Time in Range, Event Level	Percentage of time 70-180 mg/dL from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first hour after start of hypoglycemic event	60 Minutes
CGM Time Below 70 mg/dL, Event Level	Percentage of time <70 mg/dL from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first hour after start of hypoglycemic event	60 Minutes
CGM Minimum Glucose, Event Level	Minimum glucose from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first 2 hours after start of hypoglycemic event	120 Minutes
CGM Maximum Glucose, Event Level	Maximum glucose from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first 2 hours after start of hypoglycemic event	120 Minutes
CGM Mean Glucose, Event Level	Median (IQR) reported for mean glucose from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first 2 hours after start of hypoglycemic event	120 Minutes
CGM Time in Range, Event Level	Percentage of time 70-180 mg/dL from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first 2 hours after start of hypoglycemic event	120 Minutes
CGM Time Below 70 mg/dL	Percentage of time <70 mg/dL from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first 2 hours after start of hypoglycemic event	120 Minutes
CGM Mean Glucose	Median (IQR) reported for mean glucose from CGM data computed over entire 3 weeks of treatment period	3 weeks
CGM Time in Range	Percentage of time 70-180 mg/dL from CGM data computed over entire 3 weeks of treatment period	3 weeks
CGM Time Below 70	Percentage of time <70 mg/dL from CGM data computed over entire 3 weeks of treatment period	3 weeks
CGM Coefficient of Variation	Coefficient of Variation from CGM data computed over entire 3 weeks of treatment period	3 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Jaeb Center for Health Research
• Collaborators: Xeris Pharmaceuticals
• Investigators: Study Chair: Morey W Haymond, MD, Baylor College of Medicine; Principal Investigator: Stephanie N DuBose, MPH, Jaeb Center for Health Research

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group; Beck RW, Hirsch IB, Laffel L, Tamborlane WV, Bode BW, Buckingham B, Chase P, Clemons R, Fiallo-Scharer R, Fox LA, Gilliam LK, Huang ES, Kollman C, Kowalski AJ, Lawrence JM, Lee J, Mauras N, O'Grady M, Ruedy KJ, Tansey M, Tsalikian E, Weinzimer SA, Wilson DM, Wolpert H, Wysocki T, Xing D. The effect of continuous glucose monitoring in well-controlled type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009 Aug;32(8):1378-83. doi: 10.2337/dc09-0108. Epub 2009 May 8.
• Cryer PE. The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes. 2008 Dec;57(12):3169-76. doi: 10.2337/db08-1084. No abstract available.
• Cryer PE. Hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010 Sep;39(3):641-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.003.
• Raju B, Arbelaez AM, Breckenridge SM, Cryer PE. Nocturnal hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes: an assessment of preventive bedtime treatments. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun;91(6):2087-92. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-2798. Epub 2006 Feb 21.
• Haymond MW, Schreiner B. Mini-dose glucagon rescue for hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001 Apr;24(4):643-5. doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.4.643.
• Hartley M, Thomsett MJ, Cotterill AM. Mini-dose glucagon rescue for mild hypoglycaemia in children with type 1 diabetes: the Brisbane experience. J Paediatr Child Health. 2006 Mar;42(3):108-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00807.x.
• Hasan KS, Kabbani M. Mini-dose glucagon is effective at diabetes camp. J Pediatr. 2004 Jun;144(6):834. No abstract available.
• Haymond MW, DuBose SN, Rickels MR, Wolpert H, Shah VN, Sherr JL, Weinstock RS, Agarwal S, Verdejo AS, Cummins MJ, Newswanger B, Beck RW; T1D Exchange Mini-dose Glucagon Study Group. Efficacy and Safety of Mini-Dose Glucagon for Treatment of Nonsevere Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Aug 1;102(8):2994-3001. doi: 10.1210/jc.2017-00591.

Helpful Links

• Safety and Efficacy Study of Mini-Dose Glucagon (G-Pen Mini) in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: September 1, 2015
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): April 1, 2016
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): May 1, 2016

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 27, 2015
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 3, 2015
• First Posted (ESTIMATE): April 8, 2015

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): March 3, 2020
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 28, 2020
• Last Verified: February 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Type 1 diabetes; T1D; adults; Mini-dose glucagon; non-severe hypoglycemia
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Immune System Diseases; Autoimmune Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Hypoglycemia; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Gastrointestinal Agents; Hormones; Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists; Incretins; Glucagon; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
• Other Study ID Numbers: T1DX Mini-dose Non-Severe