HBOT Late Radiation Tissue Injury

Does Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) Reduce Pain, Improve Depression and Impact on Patients' Quality of Life for Those Suffering From Late Radiation Tissue Injury?

Background: Radiotherapy is a common treatment for many malignancies. Radiation-related complications developing months or years after radiation treatment are known as late radiation tissue injury (LRTI) and are estimated to effect 5%-15% of all long-term survivors who have received radiation.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a well established treatment of LRTI. Most of the studies evaluating effect of HBOT on LRTI are focused on survival, resolution of tissue damage and improvement in LENT-SOMA scale. Very few studies have addressed effect of HBOT on pain in LTRI. Krahn and colleagues were the first to report the analgesic effect of HBOT in 3 cases of refractory pain in oncological patients with radiation soft tissue injury. Other studies showed significant improvement in pain intensity in patients with breast cancer and pelvic malignancies treated with HBOT for LTRI. In patients that had developed radiation- induced brachial plexopathy, HBOT elicited an increase in warm pain thresholds and a reduction in lymphoedema. A prospective case study of 16 patients with gynecological cancer found no changes with respect to pain and depression outcomes. A trial in patients with radiation induced proctopathy showed that 75% of patients with rectal pain had some improvement, although none experienced a complete resolution of pain symptoms.

There are several mechanisms by which HBOT may elicit analgesic effects. There is a growing body of evidence that HBOT's analgesic effect related to nitric oxide metabolism and endogenous opioid secretion. Furthermore, the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alph (TNF-α), the production of substance P, and the modulation of serotonergic pathways have all demonstrated a modification in the pain response following HBOT. In animal studies HBOT decreased allodynia and hyperalgesia in different models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. The long lasting antinociceptive effect of HBOT was found to be dose-dependent in non-injured tissues.

In human studies, HBOT decreased pain and edema and improved function in patients suffering from the complex regional pain syndrome, and improved pain scores and range of motion in patients with idiopathic femoral head necrosis. Women suffering from interstitial cystitis demonstrated a reduction in pelvic pain following weeks and months of HBOT treatment. In patients suffering from idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia HBOT produced a rapid reduction in symptoms and these effects were lasting for 6 months following treatment. HBOT was also found to be an effective treatment for cluster headaches and migraines and alleviated muscle and bone pains in patients with myofascial syndrome, fibromyalgia, and biphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Based on the evidence presented above and HBOT's known analgesic effect in many conditions, the investigators designed this study with the objective to evaluate if HBOT reduces pain, improves depression and impacts on patients quality of life in patients suffering from late radiation tissue injury.

Study Design: Prospective observational study (n=300). Patients that have had radiation therapy for malignancy, developed late radiation injury and suffer from chronic pain.

Study Overview

• Status: Terminated
• Conditions: Chronic Pain; Late Radiation Injury

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 30

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Canada
  • Ontario
    • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2C4
      • University Health Network

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

All patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy for delayed radiation tissue injury in the Hyperbaric Unit.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients who had radiation therapy, developed late radiation tissue injury and are eligible for hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
• Pain ≥ 5 in any anatomic site with duration > 3 months

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patient refusal
• Patient inability to answer the questionnaires

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Pain Intensity (11 point numeric rating scale, Brief Pain Inventory short form )	Pain will be assessed with the 11 point numeric rating scale (NRS; 0 = "no pain" to 10 = "unbearable pain").Patients will be asked to document their pain during the previous 24 hours daily upon awakening and immediately after the intervention. Daily and weekly mean pain scores and the proportion of responders, defined as patients with a ≥30% reduction in mean pain score from baseline to endpoint will be recorded. The Brief Pain Inventory short form will also be administered.	6 months post-treatment

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Pain Disability (pain disability index)	Will be measured using the pain disability index (PDI). The tool is valid and reliable instrument widely used to assess chronic pain patients in research and clinical settings.	6 months post-treatment
Quality of Life Measurement (EORTC QLQ C30)	Will be assessed with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ C30). The EORTC QLQ-C30 is a self administered questionnaire developed to assess the quality of life of cancer patients. It has been translated and validated into 81 languages and is used in more than 3,000 studies worldwide. It is composed of both multi-item scales and single item measures.These include 5 functional scales (physical functioning, role functioning, emotional functioning, cognitive functioning, and social functioning), 3 symptom scales (fatigue, nausea and vomiting, and pain), and 6 single items (dyspnoea, insomnia, appetite loss, constipation, diarrhoea, and financial difficulties).	6 months post-treatment
The Patient Global Impression of Change	The scale has been recommended by Initiatives on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT) to evaluate the efficacy of treatment in chronic pain trials. It assesses global response to treatment and uses a 7-point Likert scale that varies from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse).	6 months post-treatment
Depression and Anxiety (Hospital Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression (HADS-D) scale)	Depression and anxiety will be assessed with the Hospital Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression (HADS-D) scale, consisting of 14 items (7 each for anxiety and depression).	6 months post-treatment
Pain medications	Change of pain medications.	6 months post-treatment

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University Health Network, Toronto

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: June 1, 2014
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): April 1, 2020
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): April 1, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 20, 2015
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 22, 2015
• First Posted (ESTIMATE): April 23, 2015

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): November 14, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 7, 2022
• Last Verified: November 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Quality of Life; Chronic Pain; Adult; Malignancy; Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment; Late radiation injury
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Chronic Pain; Wounds and Injuries; Radiation Injuries
• Other Study ID Numbers: 14-7413