PK of Efavirenz & Lopinavir Nano-formulations in Healthy Volunteers

Pharmacokinetics of Efavirenz and Lopinavir Nano-formulations in HIV Negative Healthy Volunteers: an Adaptive Design Study

This study is an open-label, prospective pharmacokinetic study investigating two antiretroviral agents in parallel and employing an adaptive design with two stages, whereby the results obtained in the primary stage inform the doses selected for investigation in the secondary stage

Study Overview

• Status: Suspended
• Conditions: HIV
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: 50mg NANO-efavirenz; Drug: 400mg NANO-Lopinavir; Drug: 200mg NANO-Lopinavir; Drug: 100mg Ritonavir; Drug: 300mg NANO-Efavirenz; Drug: 600mg Sustiva; Drug: 200mg NANO-Efavirenz; Drug: 400mg Sustiva; Drug: Kaletra® (lopinavir 400mg/ritonavir 100mg); Drug: +/- 200mg NANO-Lopinavir; Drug: +/- 200mg ritonavir NORVIR

Detailed Description

The objectives of this study are:

Primary

• To investigate the pharmacokinetics of a new pharmaceutical formulation of efavirenz (NANO-efavirenz) in HIV negative healthy volunteers after single dose and a steady-state.
• To investigate the pharmacokinetics of a new pharmaceutical formulation of lopinavir (NANO-lopinavir) in HIV negative healthy volunteers

Secondary

• To investigate the safety and tolerability of NANO-efavirenz and NANO-lopinavir in HIV negative healthy volunteers
• To assess the bioequivalence of a selected single-dose of NANO-efavirenz to a single dose 600mg of efavirenz as Sustiva®
• To investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms in drug disposition genes and drug exposure

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Anticipated): 50
• Phase: Phase 1

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United Kingdom
  • London, United Kingdom, SW10 9NH
    • St Stephen's Centre

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Volunteers must meet all of the following inclusion criteria within 28 days prior to the baseline visit:

1. The ability to understand and sign a written informed consent form, prior to participation in any screening procedures and must be willing to comply with all study requirements
2. Male or non-pregnant, non-lactating females
3. Between 18 to 65 years, inclusive
4. Body Mass Index (BMI) of 18 to 30 kg/m2, inclusive

5. Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) must be using an adequate method of contraception to avoid pregnancy throughout the study and for a period of at least 12 weeks after the study

   A female may be eligible to enter and participate in the study if she:

   1. is of non-child-bearing potential defined as either post-menopausal (12 months of spontaneous amenorrhea and ≥ 45 years of age) or physically incapable of becoming pregnant with documented tubal ligation, hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy or,

   2. is of child-bearing potential with a negative pregnancy test at both Screening and Day 1 and agrees to use one of the following methods of contraception to avoid pregnancy:

      • Complete abstinence from penile-vaginal intercourse from 2 weeks prior to administration of IP, throughout the study, and for at least 2 weeks after discontinuation of all study medications;
      • Double barrier method (male condom/spermicide, male condom/diaphragm, diaphragm/spermicide);
      • Any intrauterine device (IUD) with published data showing that the expected failure rate is <1% per year (not all IUDs meet this criterion, see protocol appendix 7 for an example listing of approved IUDs);
      • Condom and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate ( DMPA) injections
      • Male partner sterilization confirmed prior to the female subject's entry into the study, and this male is the sole partner for that subject;
      • Any other method with published data showing that the expected failure rate is <1% per year.
      • Any contraception method must be used consistently, in accordance with the approved product label and for at least 2 weeks after discontinuation of IP.
6. Willing to consent to their personal details being entered onto the TOPS database
7. Willing to provide proof of identity by photographic ID at screen and any subsequent visit
8. Registered with a GP in the UK

Exclusion Criteria:

Volunteers who meet any of the following exclusion criteria are not to be enrolled in this study.

1. Any significant acute or chronic medical illness including hypertension (BP persistently >140/90 mmHg) or hypotension (BP persistently <90/60 mmHg)
2. Prolongation of ECG intervals: PR > 200 msec or QTcF > 450 msec.
3. Evidence of organ dysfunction or any clinically significant deviation from normal in physical examination, vital signs, ECG or clinical laboratory determinations.
4. Liver transaminase (ALT or AST > 1.25 x the upper limit of the normal range)
5. Significant psychiatric history (including severe depression) or history of seizures.
6. Positive blood screen for either hepatitis B surface antigen or hepatitis C antibody
7. Positive blood screen for HIV-1 and/or 2 antibodies
8. Current or recent (within 3 months) gastrointestinal disease
9. Clinically relevant alcohol or drug use (positive urine drug screen) or history of alcohol or drug use considered by the Investigator to be sufficient to hinder adherence to treatment, follow-up procedures or evaluation of adverse events. Smoking is permitted, but tobacco intake should remain consistent throughout the study
10. Known cardiac disease history of any family history of sudden cardiac death.
11. Exposure to any investigational drug or placebo within 3 months of first dose of study drug
12. Use of any other drugs (unless approved by the Investigator), including over-the-counter medications and herbal preparations, within two weeks prior to first dose of study drug, unless approved/prescribed by the Principal Investigator as known not to interact with study drugs.
13. Females of childbearing potential without the use of effective non-hormonal birth control methods, or not willing to continue practising these birth control methods for at least 12 weeks after the end of the treatment period
14. Previous allergy to any of the constituents of the pharmaceuticals administered in this trial
15. Rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucosegalactose malabsorption

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

6

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: 1st Stage-Group A; Day 1: 50 mg NANO-efavirenz single dose; Days 4-21: 50 mg NANO-efavirenz OD (once daily)	Drug: 50mg NANO-efavirenz; OD
Active Comparator: 1st Stage-Group B; Days 1-7: 400mg NANO-lopinavir BID (twice daily); Days 8-21: Wash-out period; Days: 22-28: 200mg NANO-lopinavir BID plus 100mg Ritonavir (Norvir) BID	Drug: 400mg NANO-Lopinavir; BID; Drug: 200mg NANO-Lopinavir; BID; Other Names: Efavirenz; Drug: 100mg Ritonavir; BID; Other Names: Norvir
Active Comparator: 2nd Stage-Group A-Group 1-Dose level 1; 21 Days: 300mg NANO-efavirenz OD; 4 weeks: Wash-out period; 21 days: 600mg Sustiva OD	Drug: 300mg NANO-Efavirenz; OD; Drug: 600mg Sustiva; OD; Other Names: Efavirenz
Active Comparator: 2nd Stage-Group A-Group 2-Dose level 2; 21 Days: 200mg NANO-efavirenz OD; 4 weeks: Wash-out period; 21 days: 400mg Sustiva OD	Drug: 200mg NANO-Efavirenz; OD; Drug: 400mg Sustiva; Other Names: Efavirenz
Active Comparator: 2nd Stage-Group B-Arm 1; 7 days: Kaletra® (lopinavir400mg/ritonavir100mg) BD; 2 weeks: Wash-out period; 7 days: NANO-lopinavir (200mg +/- ritonavir®)	Drug: Kaletra® (lopinavir 400mg/ritonavir 100mg); BID; Other Names: Lopinavir/Ritonavir; Drug: +/- 200mg NANO-Lopinavir; BID; Drug: +/- 200mg ritonavir NORVIR; BID; Other Names: Ritonavir
Active Comparator: 2nd Stage-Group B-Arm 2; 7 days: NANO-lopinavir (200mg +/- ritonavir Norvir); 2 weeks: Wash-out period; 7 days: Kaletra® (lopinavir400mg/ritonavir100mg) BD	Drug: Kaletra® (lopinavir 400mg/ritonavir 100mg); BID; Other Names: Lopinavir/Ritonavir; Drug: +/- 200mg NANO-Lopinavir; BID; Drug: +/- 200mg ritonavir NORVIR; BID; Other Names: Ritonavir

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
The pharmacokinetics of a new pharmaceutical formulation of efavirenz (NANOefavirenz) and lopinavir (NANOlopinavir) in HIV negative healthy volunteers, as measured by Ctrough	Trough concentration (Ctrough) is defined as the concentration at 24 hours after the observed drug dose.	Assessed from baseline visit (day 1) to : 1) Day 31 (Primary Stage Group A); 2) Day 30 (Primary Stage Group B); 3) Day 80 (Secondary Stage Group A); 4) Day 30 (Secondary Stage Group B)
The pharmacokinetics of a new pharmaceutical formulation of efavirenz (NANOefavirenz) and lopinavir (NANOlopinavir) in HIV negative healthy volunteers, as measured by Cmax	Cmax is defined as the maximum observed plasma concentration	Assessed from baseline visit (day 1) to : 1) Day 31 (Primary Stage Group A); 2) Day 30 (Primary Stage Group B); 3) Day 80 (Secondary Stage Group A); 4) Day 30 (Secondary Stage Group B)
The pharmacokinetics of a new pharmaceutical formulation of efavirenz (NANOefavirenz) and lopinavir (NANOlopinavir) in HIV negative healthy volunteers, as measured by t1/2	t1/2 is defined as the elimination half-life	Assessed from baseline visit (day 1) to : 1) Day 31 (Primary Stage Group A); 2) Day 30 (Primary Stage Group B); 3) Day 80 (Secondary Stage Group A); 4) Day 30 (Secondary Stage Group B)
The pharmacokinetics of a new pharmaceutical formulation of efavirenz (NANOefavirenz) and lopinavir (NANOlopinavir) in HIV negative healthy volunteers, as measured by Tmax	Tmax is defined as the time point at Cmax (Tmax)	Assessed from baseline visit (day 1) to : 1) Day 31 (Primary Stage Group A); 2) Day 30 (Primary Stage Group B); 3) Day 80 (Secondary Stage Group A); 4) Day 30 (Secondary Stage Group B)
The pharmacokinetics of a new pharmaceutical formulation of efavirenz (NANOefavirenz) and lopinavir (NANOlopinavir) in HIV negative healthy volunteers, as measured by total drug exposure	Total drug exposure will be expressed as the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC): from 0-12 (AUC0-12h) and 0-56 hours (AUC0-56h) for lopinavir; or 0-24 (AUC0-24h) and 0-228 hours (AUC0-24h) for efavirenz.	Assessed from baseline visit (day 1) to : 1) Day 31 (Primary Stage Group A); 2) Day 30 (Primary Stage Group B); 3) Day 80 (Secondary Stage Group A); 4) Day 30 (Secondary Stage Group B)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Safety and tolerability of NANOefavirenz and NANOlopinavir in HIV negative healthy volunteers, as measured by concomitant medication check		1) From screening visit to day 45 (Primary Stage Group A); 2) From screening visit to day 44 (Primary Stage Group B); 3) From screening visit to day 94 (Secondary Stage Group A); 4) From screening visit to day 44 (Secondary Stage Group B)
Safety and tolerability of NANOefavirenz and NANOlopinavir in HIV negative healthy volunteers, as measured by Adverse Events		1) From screening visit to day 45 (Primary Stage Group A); 2) From screening visit to day 44 (Primary Stage Group B); 3) From screening visit to day 94 (Secondary Stage Group A); 4) From screening visit to day 44 (Secondary Stage Group B)
Safety and tolerability of NANOefavirenz and NANOlopinavir in HIV negative healthy volunteers, as measured by symptom directed physical exam		1) From screening visit to day 45 (Primary Stage Group A); 2) From screening visit to day 44 (Primary Stage Group B); 3) From screening visit to day 94 (Secondary Stage Group A); 4) From screening visit to day 44 (Secondary Stage Group B)
Safety and tolerability of NANOefavirenz and NANOlopinavir in HIV negative healthy volunteers, as measured by vital signs	Temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate	1) From screening visit to day 45 (Primary Stage Group A); 2) From screening visit to day 44 (Primary Stage Group B); 3) From screening visit to day 94 (Secondary Stage Group A); 4) From screening visit to day 44 (Secondary Stage Group B)
Safety and tolerability of NANOefavirenz and NANOlopinavir in HIV negative healthy volunteers, as measured by ECG	12 lead ECG with calculation of corrected QT interval (Fredericia)	1) From screening visit to day 21 (Primary Stage Group A); 2) From screening visit to day 28 (Primary Stage Group B); 3) From screening visit to day 70 (Secondary Stage Group A); 4) From screening visit to day 28 (Secondary Stage Group B)
Safety and tolerability of NANOefavirenz and NANOlopinavir in HIV negative healthy volunteers, as measured by Urinalysis	Glucose, ketones, blood, pH, proteins, nitrites and leucocytes Pregnancy test for females of childbearing potential (urine) Drug screen	) From screening visit to day 21 (Primary Stage Group A); 2) From screening visit to day 28 (Primary Stage Group B); 3) From screening visit to day 70 (Secondary Stage Group A); 4) From screening visit to day 28 (Secondary Stage Group B)
Safety and tolerability of NANOefavirenz and NANOlopinavir in HIV negative healthy volunteers, as measured haematology	Coulter count with differential; Clotting screen; PT, APTT, Fibrinogen	1) From screening visit to day 45 (Primary Stage Group A); 2) From screening visit to day 44 (Primary Stage Group B); 3) From screening visit to day 94 (Secondary Stage Group A); 4) From screening visit to day 44 (Secondary Stage Group B)
Safety and tolerability of NANOefavirenz and NANOlopinavir in HIV negative healthy volunteers, as measured by clinical chemistry	Serum Biochemistry - Including sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol and triglycerides, calcium, phosphate, liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT), albumin, glucose.	1) From screening visit to day 45 (Primary Stage Group A); 2) From screening visit to day 44 (Primary Stage Group B); 3) From screening visit to day 94 (Secondary Stage Group A); 4) From screening visit to day 44 (Secondary Stage Group B)
Safety and tolerability of NANOefavirenz and NANOlopinavir in HIV negative healthy volunteers, as measured by Adherence questioning/ pill count		1) Days 14 and 21 (Primary Stage Group A); 2) Days 7 and 28 (Primary Stage Group B); 3) Days 14, 21, 63, and 70 (Secondary Stage Group A); 4) Days 7 and 28 (Secondary Stage Group B)
Safety and tolerability of NANOefavirenz in HIV negative healthy volunteers, as measured by CNS symptoms questionnaire		1) Days 2 and 21 (Primary Stage Group A); 2) Days 2, 21, 51, and 70 (Secondary Stage Group A)
Relationship between genetic polymorphisms and exposure to the studied drugs.	Preliminary comparison between genotype and phenotype	Sample taken at baseline (if consented)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: St Stephens Aids Trust
• Collaborators: University of Liverpool
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Marta Boffito, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital; Study Director: Steve Rannard, University of Liverpool

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: November 1, 2015
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): November 1, 2017

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 6, 2015
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 11, 2015
• First Posted (Estimate): December 16, 2015

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): December 7, 2016
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 6, 2016
• Last Verified: December 1, 2016

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Anti-Infective Agents; Antiviral Agents; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; Enzyme Inhibitors; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Protease Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inducers; HIV Protease Inhibitors; Viral Protease Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inducers; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors; Ritonavir; Lopinavir; Efavirenz
• Other Study ID Numbers: SSAT 055