Blood Flow Restriction Training in Patients With Weight Bearing Restrictions After Knee Surgery

Physical Therapy With Blood Flow Restriction Training to Enhance Recovery in Patients With Early Weight Bearing Restrictions After Knee Surgery: A Feasibility Study

After a cartilage or meniscus repair in the knee joint, the patients experience a pronounced and persistent decrease of knee-extension strength in the operated leg, which negatively affect patients' functional performance and quality of life. A possible novel exercise modality to increase muscle strength early is a moderate blood flow restriction with low-load strength training (BFR-LLST) exercise. BFR-LLST involves application of a wrapping device to restrict the blood flow to the muscle(s) during exercise. BFR- LLST requires much less load than traditional strength training and has shown to produce positive training adaptations such as muscle hypertrophy and strength in the lower extremity in healthy subjects and patients with a knee surgery. To our knowledge, early rehabilitation with BFR-LLST has never been investigated in a population with weight bearing restrictions, such as patients recovering from cartilage or meniscus repair in the knee joint. Fear of symptom exacerbation and adverse events have precluded BFR-LLST early after knee surgery. The purpose of this study is to examine the feasibility of 9 weeks of supervised rehabilitation with BFR-LLST early after cartilage or meniscus repair in the knee joint.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Tibial Meniscus Injuries; Cartilage, Articular
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Physical therapy with BFR-LLST

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 42
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Denmark
  • Copenhagen, Denmark
    • Section for Orthopaedic & Sports Rehabilitation (SOS-R), Health Centre Nørrebro

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 70 years (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patient has a cartilage and/or meniscus repair in 1 or 2 knee(s).
• Patient is between 18 and 70 years.
• Patient is able to speak and understand Danish.
• Patient has given informed consent to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patient has problems that severely limits ambulatory function from unstable orthopaedic (besides cartilage repair and meniscal fixation in the knee joint), neurological, vascular or cardiac conditions.
• Patient has a history of diagnosed major psychiatric disorder.
• Patient has a history of illicit drug use; be currently abusing alcohol or currently withdrawing from alcohol abuse.
• Patient has a history of endothelial dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, diabetes.
• Patient has a history of heart disease and deep vein thrombosis.
• Patient is pregnant.
• Patient has cancer (current diagnosis).
• Patient has an active infection.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: NA
• Interventional Model: SINGLE_GROUP
• Masking: NONE

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Intervention / Treatment

EXPERIMENTAL: Physical therapy with BFR-LLST

Other: Physical therapy with BFR-LLST; The criteria-based rehabilitation protocol for the patients with cartilage or meniscus repair may vary according to the surgical procedures. Patients will attend 5 individual treatments, and a 6-week supervised group-based rehabilitation program with BFR-LLST (Blood Flow Restriction - Low Load Strength Training) twice a week at the rehabilitation centre. Patient will be instructed to perform BFR-LLST 5 times a week in total (twice supervised, 3 times at home). During each BFR-LLST session, patients are encouraged to perform 4 sets of 30 repetitions, 15 repetitions, 15 repetitions, and 15 repetitions (or to fatigue in the final set), respectively. The exercise intervention will adhere to TIDieR (template for intervention description and replication).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Thigh muscle hypertrophy assessed by thigh circumference, cm.	Thigh circumference is assessed 15 cm. proximal from the basis of the patellae with a tape measure. The thigh circumference will be recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm, and assessed on both the operated and the non-operated leg. Being an exploratory feasibility study, the study is designed with a flat outcome structure with multiple evenly valued outcome measures. Thus, no primary and secondary outcome measure hierarchy exists, even though thigh muscle hypertrophy, assessed by thigh circumference, is presented as the primary outcome measure.	Change from baseline to the end of the 6-week rehabilitation program. Further assessments: Once a week during the 6-week rehabilitation program; 1 and 3 week(s) post-baseline, and 16 and 26 postoperative.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Perceived exertion during exercise assessed by the Borg RPE scale (6-20)), points	The perceived exertion during BFR-LLST (Blood Flow Restriction - Low Load Strength Training) exercise is measured by using the Borg scale ranging from 6 (no exertion at all) to 20 (maximal exertion). The patients will be asked immediately after each set of BFR-LLST.	Change from baseline to the end of the 6-week rehabilitation program. Further assessments: Once a week during the 6-week rehabilitation program; 1 and 3 week(s) post-baseline.
Adherence to the BFR-LLST (Blood Flow Restriction - Low Load Strength Training) protocol assessed by patient-reporting and assessor registration, numbers.	Adherence will be assessed during patient-reporting and assessor registration during visits at the rehabilitation centre. The number of training sessions, number of sets and repetitions, and training load will be registered.	Change from baseline to the end of the 6-week rehabilitation program. Further assessments: Once a week during the 6-week rehabilitation program; 1 and 3 week(s) post-baseline.
Knee joint and quadriceps pain assessed by using 0-100-mm visual analog scale.	Assessment of pain is performed before (at rest), during and after (at rest) the BFR-LLST (Blood Flow Restriction - Low Load Strength Training) at the rehabilitation centre. Additionally, maximum knee joint and quadriceps pain during the rehabilitation program are assessed. The knee and quadriceps pain are assessed using a 0-100-mm visual analog scale with end points of "no pain" and "worst pain imaginable."	Change from baseline to the end of the 6-week rehabilitation program. Further assessments: Once a week during the 6-week rehabilitation program; 1 and 3 week(s) post-baseline.
Knee joint swelling assessed by knee joint circumference, cm.	Knee joint swelling of the operated leg is assessed by measuring the knee joint circumference 1 cm. proximal from the basis of the patellae with a tape measure.The knee joint circumference will be recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm.	Change from baseline to 16 weeks postoperative. Further assessment: 26 weeks postoperative.
Knee joint range of motion (ROM) assessed by goniometer, degrees	Knee joint ROM of the operated leg is assessed using a large universal goniometer with the moveable arms pointing towards the greater trochanter and the lateral malleolus, respectively. Both the passive and active ROM are recorded to the nearest 1 degree.	Change from baseline to 16 weeks postoperative. Further assessment: 26 weeks postoperative.
Maximum isometric knee extension and flexion muscle strength at 60 degrees knee flexion assessed by a hand-held dynamometer in Nm/kg, (Newton*meter)/kg body weight	The isometric muscle strength will be assessed using a hand-held dynamometer (MicroFET2 Hoggan Health Technologies Inc, UT, USA) on both the operated and non-operated leg.	26 weeks postoperative.
Self-reported function and knee-related quality of life are assessed by using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), points	The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) includes subscales of symptoms, pain, activities of daily living, function in sport/recreation, and knee-related quality of life. A score in points for each subscale will be calculated, and it ranges from 0 (worst score) to 100 (best score).	Change from baseline to 16 weeks postoperative. Further assessment: 26 weeks postoperative.
Self-reported patient-specific functional change is assessed by the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) in points	Patients are asked to identify 3 to 5 activities; they are having difficulty with as a result of their current problem. Each activity is scored on a 0 (unable to perform activity) to 10 (able to perform activity at same level as before injury or problem) points numeric rating scale. An average Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) score is calculated and can vary from 0 to 10, with higher scores representing higher levels of lower extremity functional status.	Change from baseline to 16 weeks postoperative. Further assessment: 26 weeks postoperative.

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Adverse events are assessed by patient-reporting and assessor registration.	All adverse events occurring while the patient is enrolled in the study will be documented regardless of its relation to the exercise intervention, operation or occurrences not related to the study. The number of possible adverse events are summed.	Each visit from baseline to 26 weeks postoperative.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Health Centre Nørrebro, City of Copenhagen
• Collaborators: Hvidovre University Hospital
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Thomas Linding Jakobsen Jakobsen, PhD, Section for Orthopaedic & Sports Rehabilitation (SOS-R) Health Centre Nørrebro, City of Copenhagen, Denmark

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Jakobsen TL, Thorborg K, Fisker J, Kallemose T, Bandholm T. Blood flow restriction added to usual care exercise in patients with early weight bearing restrictions after cartilage or meniscus repair in the knee joint: a feasibility study. J Exp Orthop. 2022 Oct 4;9(1):101. doi: 10.1186/s40634-022-00533-4.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (ACTUAL): December 12, 2017
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): May 14, 2019
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): May 14, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 10, 2017
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 6, 2017
• First Posted (ACTUAL): December 13, 2017

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): May 24, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 23, 2019
• Last Verified: May 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Feasibility Studies; Physical Therapy Modalities; Resistance training; Menisci, Tibial; Blood Flow Restriction Training; Cartilage, Articular
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Wounds and Injuries; Leg Injuries; Tibial Meniscus Injuries
• Other Study ID Numbers: SHN

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No