Effect of a Peer-led Self-management Program for Recent-onset Psychosis (PLSMI)

Effectiveness of a Peer-led Self-Management Program for People With Recent-onset Psychosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This randomized controlled trial is to test the effectiveness of a peer-led self-management program (PLSMI) for people with recent-onset psychosis in the community over 18-month follow-up, compared with a conventional psychoeducation group and routine community mental healthcare.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Psychotic Disorders; Early Psychosis
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Peer-led self-management program; Behavioral: Usual care; Behavioral: Psycho-education group

Detailed Description

Objectives: to investigate the effectiveness of a peer-led self-management intervention (PLSMI) for recent-onset psychosis on patient outcomes over 18-months follow-up, compared with a conventional psycho-education group and routine care only group.

Hypotheses: When compared with those in a psycho-education group and routine care, the PLSMI participants will indicate significantly greater:

1. Improvement in patients' level of recovery at 1-2 weeks post-intervention (Primary hypothesis and outcome);
2. Reduction of their re-hospitalization rates and symptom severity, and/or improvement in functioning, satisfaction with service, problem-solving, and insight into illness at 1-2 weeks post-intervention; and/or
3. Improvements in the above outcomes (hypotheses 1) at 6-, 12- and/or 18-month follow-ups.

Primary outcome is patients' level of recovery. Qualitative interviews with purposely selected PLSMI participants and all peer support workers (agreed for interview) will enhance understanding about their perceived benefits, service satisfaction, strengths, and limitations of the intervention undertaken from peer-workers' and participants' perspectives.

Study Design: A multi-center randomized controlled trial with repeated-measures, three-group design on a community-based PLSMI will be conducted with both outcome and process evaluation.

Subjects: 180 people with recent-onset psychosis (not more than 3 years onset) randomly selected from 6 Integrated Community Centers for Mental Wellness and randomly assigned into 3 arms.

Instruments/Measures: Level of self-reported recovery (QPS, primary outcome); occurrence and frequency of and time to psychiatric hospitalization over past 6 or 18 months; symptom severity (PANSS); problem solving ability (C-SPSI-R:S); illness insight (ITAQ); functioning (SLOF), and service satisfaction (CSQ-8).

Focus group interviews will be conducted to collect views on benefits and weaknesses of PLSMI.

Data analyses: Comparing the mean value changes of outcomes between-groups across time on intention-to-treat basis, using MANOVA/Mixed Modeling/Generalized Estimation Equations test and comparing the occurrence of and time to hospitalization between groups using survival analysis and Cox regression test; content analysis of qualitative data from focus-group interviews and intervention sessions.

Expected results: The findings provide evidence of the effectiveness of peer-support self-management program for early-stage psychosis in community mental health healthcare on improving patients' recovery and other important patient outcomes, as well as service satisfaction.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 180
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Hong Kong
  • Hong Kong, Hong Kong
    • Integrated Community Centers for Mental Wellness

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 60 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Hong Kong Chinese residents, aged 18-60 years;
• Having Global Assessment of Functioning scores ≥ 51, indicating mild to moderate symptoms and difficulty in psychosocial/occupational functioning and thus mentally stable to comprehend the self-care training and education provided; and
• Able to understand Cantonese/Mandarin

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participated in or having been receiving other psycho-education/psychotherapies;
• Having co-morbidity of another mental illness (learning disability and cognitive and personality disorders) or any clinically significant medical diseases; and
• Having visual/language/communication difficulty

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Health Services Research
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Peer-led self-management program; Peer-led self-management program (PLSMI) consists of 10 weekly/biweekly, 1.5-hour sessions (4 months), based on the modified Crisis-resolution-team Optimization and Relapse Prevention (CORE) program workbook/manual and psycho-education programs developed by the research team. The program based on completion of a self-management workbook, consisting of the main components: personal recovery goals, plans to re-establish community functioning and support networks following a crisis, identifying early warning signs and creating a relapse prevention plan, and strategies and coping resources to problem-solving and maintain well-being. Participants work through the workbook at their own pace, with the support from the peer support worker, to facilitate/support their recovery. They will meet in group with a trained peer support worker on 10 sessions, usually at 7-12 days intervals over 4 months.	Behavioral: Peer-led self-management program; The program based on completion of a self-management workbook, consisting of the main components: personal recovery goals, plans to re-establish community functioning and support networks following a crisis, identifying early warning signs and creating a relapse prevention plan, and strategies and coping resources to problem-solving and maintain well-being.; Other Names: PLSMI; Behavioral: Usual care; Routine care services consist of monthly psychiatric consultation and treatments prescribed by psychiatrist, nursing advice on community care, brief education (1-2 hourly sessions) about mental illness/treatments by psychiatric nurses, home visits by case managers, and/or referrals to community/welfare services.
Active Comparator: Psycho-education group; Psycho-education groups (12-18 members/group; 10 two-hour sessions, weekly/biweekly), 4-month duration similar to the PLSMI, will be led by one trained advanced practice psychiatric nurse in each center experienced in psychiatric rehabilitation, and are guided by a validated group-intervention protocol based on the research team's and McFarlane et al.'s psycho-education programs for psychosis.	Behavioral: Usual care; Routine care services consist of monthly psychiatric consultation and treatments prescribed by psychiatrist, nursing advice on community care, brief education (1-2 hourly sessions) about mental illness/treatments by psychiatric nurses, home visits by case managers, and/or referrals to community/welfare services.; Behavioral: Psycho-education group; The psycho-education group program is comprised of six components: introduction and goal-setting; basic understanding of psychosis and symptom and emotion self-care; education workshop of psychosis care, treatment and community support services; learning about self-care skills; establishing social support and effective coping skills; and skills practices, review and future plan.
Other: Usual care only; Usual care (control) participants (and treatment groups) will receive routine psychiatric outpatient and community mental healthcare services.	Behavioral: Usual care; Routine care services consist of monthly psychiatric consultation and treatments prescribed by psychiatrist, nursing advice on community care, brief education (1-2 hourly sessions) about mental illness/treatments by psychiatric nurses, home visits by case managers, and/or referrals to community/welfare services.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR)	Level of recovery from illness is measured with the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR) developed by Neil et al. (2009). Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0=disagree strongly to 4=agree strongly; score range= 0-88); the higher total score indicates a higher of recovery progress.	At recruitment
Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR)	Level of recovery from illness is measured with the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR) developed by Neil et al. (2009). Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0=disagree strongly to 4=agree strongly); the higher total score indicates a higher of recovery progress.	At 1-2 weeks post-intervention
Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR)	Level of recovery from illness is measured with the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR) developed by Neil et al. (2009). Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0=disagree strongly to 4=agree strongly); the higher total score indicates a higher of recovery progress.	At 6 months post-intervention
Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR)	Level of recovery from illness is measured with the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR) developed by Neil et al. (2009). Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0=disagree strongly to 4=agree strongly); the higher total score indicates a higher of recovery progress.	At 12 months post-intervention
Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR)	Level of recovery from illness is measured with the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR) developed by Neil et al. (2009). Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0=disagree strongly to 4=agree strongly); the higher total score indicates a higher of recovery progress.	At 18 months post-intervention

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Re-hospitalization rate	Occurrence of and time to hospitalization, and frequency of re-hospitalizations over past 5-6 months	Change from recruitment to 18 months follow-up
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)	Symptom severity is assessed with the 30-item Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) developed by Kay (1987) across three sub-scales: positive symptoms, negative symptoms and general psychopathology. Items are rated on a 7-point Likert scale (1= absent to 7= extreme; total score range= 7-210); a higher total score indicates more severe psychotic symptoms.	Change from recruitment to 18 months follow-up
Specific Level of Functioning Scale (SLOF)	Patient functioning is measured by the 43-item Specific Level of Functioning Scale (SLOF) developed by Schneider and Struening (1983) in terms of three domains: physical functioning/personal care, social functioning and community living skills. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1=very poor to 5=very well; total score range= 43-215); a higher total score indicates a higher level of functioning.	Change from recruitment to 18 months follow-up
Revised Social-Problem-Solving Inventory (C-SPSI-R:S)	Problem-solving ability will be assessed with a 25-item Chinese version of Revised Social-Problem-Solving Inventory (C-SPSI-R:S), comprising 2 domains: problem-solving style (rational/impulsive; careless/avoidance) and orientation (positive/negative). Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1=not at all true to 4=extremely true; total score range= 0-100); a higher total score indicates better problem solving ability.	Change from recruitment to 18 months follow-up
Insight and Treatment Attitude Questionnaire (ITAQ)	Insight into illness and treatment is measured by the 11-item Treatment Attitude Questionnaire (ITAQ) developed by McEvoy et al. (1989) measuring patients' insights and recognition of their illness and attitudes towards the need for treatments. Items are rated on a 3-point Likert scale (0=not necessary to receive treatment to 2=treatment should be required/continued regularly; total score range= 0-22; a higher total score indicates better insight into the illness/treatment.	Change from recruitment to 18 months follow-up
Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8)	Patient satisfaction with service is measured by the 8-item Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) developed by Attkisson and Zwick (1982). Items are rated on a 4-point Likert scale (1= very dissatisfied to 4= very satisfied; total score range= 8-32); a higher total score indicates a better satisfaction with the services received/receiving.	Change from recruitment to 18 months follow-up

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Chinese University of Hong Kong
• Collaborators: Integrated Community Centers for Mental Wellness
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Wai Tong Chien, PhD, Chinese University of Hong Kong

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Johnson S, Lamb D, Marston L, Osborn D, Mason O, Henderson C, Ambler G, Milton A, Davidson M, Christoforou M, Sullivan S, Hunter R, Hindle D, Paterson B, Leverton M, Piotrowski J, Forsyth R, Mosse L, Goater N, Kelly K, Lean M, Pilling S, Morant N, Lloyd-Evans B. Peer-supported self-management for people discharged from a mental health crisis team: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018 Aug 4;392(10145):409-418. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31470-3.
• Chien WT, Bressington D, Chan S, Lubman DI. Effects of peer-support illness-management program for people with recent-onset psychosis (Oral presentation, Proceeding p. 14). THE IRES - 627TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES ON ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (ICESS; June 2019). Thailand: Bangkok.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 1, 2020
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 31, 2025
• Study Completion (Actual): July 31, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 13, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 14, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): November 18, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimated): August 26, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 21, 2025
• Last Verified: August 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: randomized controlled trial; recovery; re-hospitalization; self management; peer support; first-onset psychosis
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders; Mental Disorders; Psychotic Disorders
• Other Study ID Numbers: 19101314

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO
• IPD Plan Description: The name and email of the researchers can be shared openly for communication and collaboration.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No