- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT04416945
Targeting High Risk Populations With Enhanced Reactive Case Detection in Southern Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (COMBAT)
Targeting High-risk Populations With Enhanced Reactive Case Detection: a Study to Assess the Effectiveness and Feasibility for Reducing Plasmodium Falciparum and P. Vivax Malaria in Southern Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
Study Overview
Status
Detailed Description
In the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), the risk of malaria infection is often due not to village-based transmission but rather to occupational and behavioral risk factors leading to exposure in forest settings. Additionally, a substantial portion of infections are asymptomatic and/or submicroscopic, limiting the scope of current diagnostics and surveillance approaches. The proposed research will evaluate the effectiveness of reactive case detection (RACD) using highly-sensitive rapid diagnostic tests (HS-RDTs), targeting both village and forest working populations, compared to control for reducing the health center catchment-level incidence and prevalence of P. falciparum and P. vivax within two provinces in Lao People's Democratic Republic.
To test this hypothesis, this study will employ a cluster randomized controlled trial design with two comparison arms: (1) Control: standard of care - passive case management provided through community-based Village Malaria Workers (VMWs) and existing health facilities; includes village-based RACD with conventional rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) conducted by district surveillance teams and (2) enhanced community-based RACD: RACD conducted by community-based VMWs using both HS-RDTs and conventional RDTs within villages and among forest workers.
The primary outcome measures to assess effectiveness include P. falciparum and P. vivax confirmed case incidence over the study period; PCR-based P. falciparum and P. vivax prevalence at end line; and HS-RDT test positivity rate in village and forest worker RACD. Secondary outcomes measures will examine the operational feasibility, safety, and acceptability of VMW-led reactive approaches and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) testing, referral to district or provincial-level facilities, safety and treatment adherence for P. vivax cases.
Study Type
Enrollment (Anticipated)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Contact
- Name: Adam Bennett, MA, PhD
- Phone Number: 1-415-476-5590
- Email: adam.bennett@ucsf.edu
Study Locations
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Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Recruiting
- Center for Malariology, Parasitology, Entomology, Laos Ministry of Health
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Contact:
- Keobuphaphone Chindavongsa, MD
- Phone Number: +8562055617339
- Email: chinda07@gmail.com
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
RACD:
- Inclusion Criteria
- Inclusion Criteria for index cases: Presented as a confirmed malaria case to an intervention health facility or village malaria worker, and lives in a village within a selected intervention health facility catchment area, or worked or spent at least one night at a forest or forest-fringe site in the past 30 days located within an intervention health facility catchment area
- Inclusion criteria for village residents: Lives in a village within a selected intervention health facility catchment area and in one of the five households closest to the residence of an index case of malaria
- Inclusion criteria for co-worker/traveler referral: Worked or traveled and spent at least one night in forest in past 30 days in same location within an intervention health facility catchment area as an index case of malaria
- Inclusion criteria for all participants: Willing and available to participate in the study
Informed consent for participant under the age of 18 will be provided by the parent or guardian.
- Exclusion Criteria:
- Previous participation in the study as a result of any RACD event in the past 30 days.
- Individuals with suspected severe malaria or other severe illness (including those with symptoms of severe anemia, prostration, impaired consciousness, respiratory distress, convulsions, circulatory collapse, abnormal bleeding, jaundice or passing dark urine) will be excluded from the treatment component and referred to the nearest health facility for clinical assessment and treatment
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Screening
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Factorial Assignment
- Masking: None (Open Label)
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: RACD
Reactive case detection led by VMWs in response to cases in study area HCCA, with follow up testing with HS-RDTs/RDTs in both villages and forest workers; referrals for qualitative G6PD testing for P. vivax cases and 14-day PQ for G6PD non-deficient
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Within 7 days of the index case notification, all members of the index case's household and everyone in the neighboring five households will then be invited to participate in the study.
After consenting, a finger stick blood sample will be collected for each consenting individual for testing with the HS-RDT for P. falciparum, a standard combination RDT, and four blood spots on filter paper.
Index cases will be screened by the VMW at their households at the time of case investigation to determine if they have traveled or worked in a forest or forest-fringe area within the past 30 days. If eligible, the case will trigger two reactive recruitment strategies to screen and treat others who recently traveled or worked with the case in a forest or forest-fringe location:
All individuals who test positive by either HS-RDT or Standard RDT will be told of their results and treated on site per national guidelines:
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Active Comparator: Control
Standard of care including case management through health facilities and malaria posts/VMWs; village-based RACD conducted by district staff in some areas
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All individuals who test positive by either HS-RDT or Standard RDT will be told of their results and treated on site per national guidelines:
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What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Confirmed P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria parasite incidence
Time Frame: 4 months
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This is defined as the number of outpatient (OPD) malaria confirmed and suspected cases per person per year for each Health Center Catchment Area (HCCA), as ascertained from the health facility registers, utilizing administrative catchment population size estimates for the exposure denominator.
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4 months
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PCR-based P. falciparum and P. vivax parasite prevalence in sampled HCCAs
Time Frame: 4 months
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This is defined as the proportion of individuals ≥18 months old with P. falciparum or P. vivax infection (detected by PCR) out of all individuals ≥18 months tested within the end line survey (2020).
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4 months
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HS-RDT/RDT-based test positivity rate in village and forest-based reactive case detection
Time Frame: 4 months
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This is defined as the proportion of all individuals tested by HS-RDT/RDT in response to an index cases, with a positive HS-RDT/RDT, among the population older than 18 months.
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4 months
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Collaborators and Investigators
Collaborators
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Adam Bennett, MA, PhD, University of California, San Francisco
- Principal Investigator: Viengxay Vanisaveth, MD, Center of Malariology, Parasitology, Entomology in Laos
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Campbell MK, Piaggio G, Elbourne DR, Altman DG; CONSORT Group. Consort 2010 statement: extension to cluster randomised trials. BMJ. 2012 Sep 4;345:e5661. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e5661. No abstract available.
- Douglas NM, Poespoprodjo JR, Patriani D, Malloy MJ, Kenangalem E, Sugiarto P, Simpson JA, Soenarto Y, Anstey NM, Price RN. Unsupervised primaquine for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria relapses in southern Papua: A hospital-based cohort study. PLoS Med. 2017 Aug 29;14(8):e1002379. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002379. eCollection 2017 Aug.
- Bousema T, Griffin JT, Sauerwein RW, Smith DL, Churcher TS, Takken W, Ghani A, Drakeley C, Gosling R. Hitting hotspots: spatial targeting of malaria for control and elimination. PLoS Med. 2012 Jan;9(1):e1001165. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001165. Epub 2012 Jan 31.
- Cotter C, Sturrock HJ, Hsiang MS, Liu J, Phillips AA, Hwang J, Gueye CS, Fullman N, Gosling RD, Feachem RG. The changing epidemiology of malaria elimination: new strategies for new challenges. Lancet. 2013 Sep 7;382(9895):900-11. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60310-4. Epub 2013 Apr 15. Erratum In: Lancet. 2013 Sep 7;382(9895):858.
- Moonen B, Cohen JM, Snow RW, Slutsker L, Drakeley C, Smith DL, Abeyasinghe RR, Rodriguez MH, Maharaj R, Tanner M, Targett G. Operational strategies to achieve and maintain malaria elimination. Lancet. 2010 Nov 6;376(9752):1592-603. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61269-X. Epub 2010 Oct 28.
- Hustedt J, Canavati SE, Rang C, Ashton RA, Khim N, Berne L, Kim S, Sovannaroth S, Ly P, Menard D, Cox J, Meek S, Roca-Feltrer A. Reactive case-detection of malaria in Pailin Province, Western Cambodia: lessons from a year-long evaluation in a pre-elimination setting. Malar J. 2016 Mar 1;15:132. doi: 10.1186/s12936-016-1191-z.
- Rossi G, Van den Bergh R, Nguon C, Debackere M, Vernaeve L, Khim N, Kim S, Menard D, De Smet M, Kindermans JM. Adapting Reactive Case Detection Strategies for falciparum Malaria in a Low-Transmission Area in Cambodia. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Jan 6;66(2):296-298. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix781.
- Das S, Peck RB, Barney R, Jang IK, Kahn M, Zhu M, Domingo GJ. Correction to: Performance of an ultra-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum HRP2-based rapid diagnostic test with recombinant HRP2, culture parasites, and archived whole blood samples. Malar J. 2019 Feb 4;18(1):33. doi: 10.1186/s12936-019-2669-2.
- Landier J, Parker DM, Thu AM, Lwin KM, Delmas G, Nosten FH; Malaria Elimination Task Force Group. Effect of generalised access to early diagnosis and treatment and targeted mass drug administration on Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Eastern Myanmar: an observational study of a regional elimination programme. Lancet. 2018 May 12;391(10133):1916-1926. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30792-X. Epub 2018 Apr 24.
- Howes RE, Dewi M, Piel FB, Monteiro WM, Battle KE, Messina JP, Sakuntabhai A, Satyagraha AW, Williams TN, Baird JK, Hay SI. Spatial distribution of G6PD deficiency variants across malaria-endemic regions. Malar J. 2013 Nov 15;12:418. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-418.
- White MT, Karl S, Battle KE, Hay SI, Mueller I, Ghani AC. Modelling the contribution of the hypnozoite reservoir to Plasmodium vivax transmission. Elife. 2014 Nov 18;3:e04692. doi: 10.7554/eLife.04692.
- Ministry of Health Lao PDR. The Evaluation of G6PD Rapid Tests and the Use of Primaquine for the Treatment of Plasmodium Vivax Infections in Luangprabang, Savannakhet and Champasak Provinces (Apr-Nov 2015). (2015).
- Center for Malariology Parasitology and Entomology Lao PDR. Lao PDR Malaria National Strategic Plan 2016-2020. (2015).
- WHO. Updated WHO policy recommendation: Single dose primaquine as a gametocytocide in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. World Health Organisation (2012).
- Baum E, Sattabongkot J, Sirichaisinthop J, Kiattibutr K, Davies DH, Jain A, Lo E, Lee MC, Randall AZ, Molina DM, Liang X, Cui L, Felgner PL, Yan G. Submicroscopic and asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections are common in western Thailand - molecular and serological evidence. Malar J. 2015 Feb 25;14:95. doi: 10.1186/s12936-015-0611-9.
- Corran P, Coleman P, Riley E, Drakeley C. Serology: a robust indicator of malaria transmission intensity? Trends Parasitol. 2007 Dec;23(12):575-82. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.08.023. Epub 2007 Nov 7.
- Chan CW, Sakihama N, Tachibana S, Idris ZM, Lum JK, Tanabe K, Kaneko A. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum at the crossroads of exchange among islands in Vanuatu: implications for malaria elimination strategies. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 20;10(3):e0119475. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119475. eCollection 2015.
- Beutler E, Duparc S; G6PD Deficiency Working Group. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and antimalarial drug development. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Oct;77(4):779-89.
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
Primary Completion (Anticipated)
Study Completion (Anticipated)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- 19-27966
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
IPD Plan Description
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.
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