Locomotor Training With Testosterone to Promote Bone and Muscle Health After Spinal Cord Injury

Locomotor Training With Testosterone to Promote Bone and Muscle Health

This pilot study will determine the feasibility of implementing a combinatory rehabilitation strategy involving testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) with locomotor training (LT; walking on a treadmill with assistance and overground walking) in men with testosterone deficiency and walking dysfunction after incomplete or complete spinal cord injury. The investigators hypothesize that LT+TRT treatment will improve muscle size and bone mineral density in men with low T and ambulatory dysfunction after incomplete or complete SCI, along with muscle fundtion and walking recovery in men with T low and ambulatory dysfunction ater incomplete SCI.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Central Nervous System Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Wounds and Injuries; Endocrine System Diseases; Gonadal Disorders; Trauma, Nervous System; Spinal Cord Diseases; Hypogonadism; Spinal Cord Injuries; Gait Disorders, Neurologic; Spinal Cord Injury; Wounds and Injury; Testosterone Deficiency; Hormone Deficiency; Genital Diseases, Male; Androgen Deficiency; Walking, Difficulty; Spinal Cord Trauma; Injuries, Spinal Cord; Locomotion Disorder, Neurologic
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Testosterone Enanthate; Behavioral: Locomotor Training

Detailed Description

Spinal cord injury (SCI) produces bone, muscle, and neural impairments that increase fracture risk and impede recovery of physical function. Locomotor training (LT) increases muscle size and promotes recovery of muscle function and walking in some persons with incomplete SCI. It is unknown if testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) improves these factors in men who have walking dysfunction and low testosterone after incomplete SCI. In addition, the combined effects of LT plus TRT remain unknown in men with incomplete SCI.

For this pilot study, men with incomplete SCI involving spinal level L1 or above for >60-days or complete SCI involving spinal levels T2-L1 for >60-days, with upper motor neuron signs, who have low testosterone and walking dysfunction will receive 6-months of TRT alone or TRT with LT. TRT injections will be given weekly. LT will involve 35 sessions of treadmill walking with assistance and overground walking (4 sessions per week) during the initial 2-3 months of TRT. Participants will be assessed at study entry and at 1-6 month intervals thereafter. Testing will include measurements such as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan, and muscle performance and walking tests. Participants will also undergo safety tests, including physical exams, electrocardiogram (ECG), prostate digital rectal exam, and blood tests to assess hematocrit, liver enzymes (AST and ALT), prostate specific antigen (PSA), and other health markers. The treatment groups will be compared with a non-treatment control group comprised of men with incomplete or complete SCI who receive no treatment. Participants enrolled in the non-treatment control group will undergo the same tests described above.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 21
• Phase: Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Joshua F Yarrow, PhD; Phone Number: (352) 548-6477; Email: joshua.yarrow@va.gov
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Dana M Otzel, PhD; Phone Number: (352) 548-6477; Email: dana.otzel@va.gov

Study Locations

• United States
  • Florida
    • Gainesville, Florida, United States, 32608
      • Recruiting
      • North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System
      • Contact: Dana M Otzel, PhD; Phone Number: (352) 548-6477; Email: dana.otzel@va.gov
      • Contact: Joshua F Yarrow, PhD; Email: joshua.yarrow@va.gov
    • Jacksonville, Florida, United States, 32216
      • Recruiting
      • Brooks Rehabilitation
      • Contact: Emily J Fox, DPT, PhD; Phone Number: (352) 273-6117; Email: ejfox@phhp.ufl.edu

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Men >18 years of age
• Diagnosis of an incomplete SCI involving spinal segments L1 or above or a clinically complete SCI involving spinal segments T2-L1, with upper motor neuron injury signs (i.e., spasticity, hypertonicity) for >60-days
• Low serum total testosterone (<300 ng/dL), bioavailable testosterone (<110 ng/dL), or free testosterone (<46 pg/mL or <4.6 ng/dL)
• Presence of one or more sign or symptom that may be related to low testosterone, including: loss of body hair or reduced shaving, very small testes (<6 mL), reduced sexual desire (libido) and activity, decreased spontaneous erections (e.g., morning erections) or erectile dysfunction, breast discomfort or gynecomastia, height loss, low-trauma fracture, or low BMD, hot flushes or sweats, decreased energy, motivation, initiative, or self-confidence, fatigue or irritability, feeling sad or blue, having a depressed mood, or having a persistent low-grade depressive disorder, poor concentration or memory, sleep disturbances or increased sleepiness, mild unexplained anemia (normochromic or normocytic), reduced muscle bulk, strength, or physical performance, Increased body fat or body mass index, any other sign or symptom commonly associated with low testosterone
• Locomotor dysfunction, definted as self-selected walking pace ≤1.0 m/s on a 10mWT, either with or without gait devices or braces and with or without assistance, or as self-selected walking pace >1.0 m/s with reliance on a gait device or brace or with highly compensated movement impairments, as identified by a trained observer.
• Diagnosis of first time SCI including etiology from trauma, vascular, or orthopedic pathology
• Medically-stable condition that is asymptomatic for conditions that will interfere with the study participation
• Willingness to administer TRT as instructed by the study staff and to abide by study protocol
• Documented approval from the study physician verifying medical status

Exclusion Criteria:

• Currently participating in another research protocol that may influence study outcomes.
• Mental state that precludes understanding the study protocol.
• Life expectancy <12-months.
• History of or current congenital SCI (e.g., Chiari malformation, myelomeningocele, intraspinal neoplasm, Frederich's ataxis) or other degenerative spinal disorder (e.g., spinocerebellar degeneration) that may complicate study procedures
• Multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or other neurologic impairment or injury
• Current prostate, breast, or other organ cancer or a history of prostate or breast cancer
• Any other diagnosed or treated cancer within the past 24-months, with the exceptions of basal or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin that has been successfully treated
• Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) >3.0 ng/mL [men treated with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (e.g., finasteride or dutasteride) are eligible to participate if PSA values are ≤1.5 ng/mL]
• Prostate nodule or induration noted on digital rectal exam (DRE) during screening that tests positive for prostate cancer
• Currently seeking fertility or expected during the duration of the study
• Gynecomastia
• Hematocrit (HCT) >49%
• Any major cardiovascular (CV) event within the last 12-months (defined as a history of acute myocardial infarction, any cardiac revascularization procedure including angioplasty, stenting, or coronary artery bypass grafting, revascularization of the carotid or middle cerebral artery or procedures to treat critical limb ischemia, or hospitalization due to unstable angina, transient ischemic attack, stroke, or peripheral vascular disease)
• Angina that is not controlled on a current medical regimen (Canadian class II, III, or IV)
• Poorly compensated congestive heart failure (NYHA class III or IV)
• Poorly controlled hypertension (consistently measured systolic BP ≥160 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥100 mmHg), while on medications
• Poorly controlled arrhythmia of any type
• Severe valvular heart disease
• Baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) findings such as left bundle branch block or marked ECG abnormalities that would preclude serial screening evaluations for occult ischemic events
• History of unprovoked deep venous thrombosis (DVT), unprovoked pulmonary embolism, history of recurrent DVT or known thrombophilia
• LDL cholesterol >160 mg/dL with history of any major CV event, defined above, within the last 12-months
• Major non-CV surgery (e.g., major abdominal or thoracic procedure) within 90-days prior to screening and/or a major surgery scheduled at the time of screening
• Liver enzymes (AST or ALT) >1.5 times the normal upper limit
• Severe or end-stage chronic kidney disease documented by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min
• Diagnosed, but untreated severe obstructive sleep apnea
• Lower extremity fracture in the last 12-months (exclusion criterion for participation in LT+TRT group only)
• Femoral neck, total hip, or lumbar spine t-score below -2.5 or distal femur BMD <0.70 g/cm2, assessed via DEXA at screening (exclusion criterion for participation in LT+TRT group only)
• Current anticoagulant therapy (contraindication for i.m. injections)
• Use of any of the following pharmacologic agents in the previous 90-days: any TRT formulation, any compounded or over-the-counter androgenic hormones or androgen precursors, clomiphene, aromatase inhibitors, anti-estrogen or estrogen treatment, or growth hormone
• Use of anti-resorptive or bone anabolic drug therapy in the previous 180-days
• Acute use (>5-days) of any opioids (e.g., oxycodone, hydrocodone, etc) or systemic glucocorticoids >7.5 mg/d prednisone equivalent (e.g., hydrocortisone 30 mg, methylprednisolone 6 mg, or dexamethasone 1.2 mg) within 1-week before screening visit, except men who are taking these medications for a chronic condition and are anticipated to continue treatment for the study duration
• Known allergy to any component of the TRT formulation (e.g., sesame oil or cottonseed oil)
• Any other condition, therapy, lab abnormality, medical or psychiatric conditions, or reason that might pose a risk to the participant, make participation not in the person's best interest, confound the study results (e.g., inability to comply with study requirements), make the participant unsuitable to receive study intervention, or interfere with the person's ability to participate for the entire study duration

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
• Allocation: Non-Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: testosterone enanthate; Testosterone enanthate via i.m. injection (100 mg/week)	Drug: Testosterone Enanthate; Subjects receive testosterone (100 mg/week) by intramuscular injection; Other Names: delatestryl
Experimental: locomotor training, testosterone enanthate; Treadmill and overground walking training and testosterone enanthate via i.m. injection (100 mg/week)	Drug: Testosterone Enanthate; Subjects receive testosterone (100 mg/week) by intramuscular injection; Other Names: delatestryl; Behavioral: Locomotor Training; Subjects receive locomotor training (4 sessions/week for 2-3 months); Other Names: Treadmill training and overground walking
No Intervention: non-interventional control; Non-interventional control group

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
change in thigh muscle cross-sectional area	change in thigh muscle cross-sectional area assessed via MRI	baseline, 3 months, 6 months
change in 6 min walk test (6MWT)	change in distance covered on 6MWT	baseline, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months
change in distal femur bone mineral density	change in distal femur bone mineral density (BMD) assessed via DEXA	baseline, 3 months, 6 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
change in knee extensor peak torque	change in knee extensor peak torque assessed via dynamometry	baseline, 3 months, 6 months
change in 10m walk test (10mWT)	change in time to complete 10mWT	baseline, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months
change in bone resorption marker	change in circulating bone resorption marker	baseline, 3 months, 6 months
change in bone formation marker	change in circulating bone formation marker	baseline, 3 months, 6 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: North Florida Foundation for Research and Education
• Collaborators: University of Florida; VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System; Brooks Rehabilitation; North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System
• Investigators: Study Director: Joshua F Yarrow, PhD, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System; Principal Investigator: Dana M Otzel, Phd, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 31, 2021
• Primary Completion (Estimated): January 30, 2026
• Study Completion (Estimated): June 30, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: July 6, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 6, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): July 8, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 6, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 1, 2025
• Last Verified: May 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Body Composition; Walking; Spinal Cord Injury; Muscle Strength; Ambulation; Pharmacologic Actions; Locomotion; Treadmill; Therapeutic Uses; Testosterone; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Muscle Mass; Androgens; Hormones; Bone Formation; Adipose Tissue; Bone Mineral Density; Body Fat; Testosterone enanthate; Testosterone undecanoate; Testosterone 17 beta-cypionate; Methyltestosterone; Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists; Physiologic Effects of Drugs; Anabolic Agents; Testosterone Replacement Therapy; Dual Energy X ray Absorptiometry; Lean Tissue Mass; Density, Bone; Bone Resorption; Locomotor
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Urogenital Diseases; Neurologic Manifestations; Male Urogenital Diseases; Back Injuries; Genital Diseases; Wounds and Injuries; Hypogonadism; Mobility Limitation; Spinal Cord Injuries; Nervous System Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseases; Gait Disorders, Neurologic; Endocrine System Diseases; Spinal Cord Diseases; Spinal Injuries; Trauma, Nervous System; Genital Diseases, Male; Gonadal Disorders; Antineoplastic Agents; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Hormones; Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Anabolic Agents; Androgens; Methyltestosterone; Testosterone 17 beta-cypionate; Testosterone; Testosterone undecanoate; Testosterone enanthate
• Other Study ID Numbers: 649726

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: YES
• IPD Plan Description: Data will be shared according to the requirements described by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Research & Development.
• IPD Sharing Time Frame: Data will be shared according to the requirements described by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Research & Development.
• IPD Sharing Access Criteria: Data will be shared according to the requirements described by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Research & Development.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No