The Impact of Exercise-Induced Cardiac Remodeling on Myocardial Efficiency

The Impact of Exercise-Induced Cardiac Remodeling on Myocardial Efficiency: A Multimodality Structural, Functional, and Metabolic Evaluation.

This research study is being conducted to find out how heart function and energy use differ among healthy endurance athletes, individuals who do not exercise regularly, and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The research study involves taking part in a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), two positron emission tomography (PET) scans, an echocardiogram, and blood draws. The study will consist of a total of three visits scheduled over a maximum of two weeks. By determining how heart function and energy use differ between our three groups of healthy endurance athletes, individuals who do not exercise regularly, and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the investigators hope to have this work translate into a novel clinical tool for differentiating pathologic changes of the heart from physiological changes in heart. This is otherwise known as "gray-zone" left ventricular hypertrophy, or enlargement of the left ventricle.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: PET Scan

Detailed Description

The investigators anticipate that by defining the myocardial metabolic profiles of exercise-induced left ventricular hypertrophy (EI-LVH) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), we will determine if these differ sufficiently to distinguish these two forms of LVH. Because HCM causes sudden death with physical activity, it is critically important to determine the etiology of undifferentiated "gray zone" LVH in the athlete presenting for medical evaluation, and existing mechanisms of assessing myocardial structure and function are not universally adequate. The investigators anticipate that the work may translate into a novel clinical tool for differentiating pathology from physiology in "gray-zone" LVH. The complementary mechanistic goal of this study is to combine comprehensive evaluations of myocardial functional parameters and metabolism to better understand the link between function and metabolism and, ultimately, the biological mechanisms of EI-LVH and LVH due to HCM. There are three specific aims to the research study. The first specific aim is to define the relationships between changes in myocardial metabolic efficiency (MME) and changes in myocardial mechanics that accompany EI-LVH. The second is to establish and compare myocardial metabolic profiles of EI-LVH and HCM. The third is to analyze a subset of the endurance athlete subjects to determine the impact of aerobic exercise training on MME over a 90-day period.

The study will employ a mixed study design. The study is a cross-sectional design but will analyze a subset of endurance athletes longitudinally with repeated measures after 90 days from the first three study visits.

For the cross sectional design, the first study visit will be at Massachusetts General Hospital and will involve a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on an upright bicycle, with blood sampling before the CPET at rest, and after exercise. Study visits two and three will follow the same protocol. Both study visits two and three will occur at Brigham and Women's Hospital and will involve an echocardiogram and a positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Both visits will include blood sampling at rest, and then either the resting PET scan or a PET scan after acute exercise provocation on a supine bicycle. Study visits two and three will occur on two sequential mornings.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 87

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Massachusetts
    • Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02114
      • Massachusetts General Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 60 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Endurance Athletes: A collegiate rowing team or invitation to participate from local endurance type athletic clubs. (i.e. running clubs, rowing teams, etc.) HCM Patients: MGH Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Program's database, the Research Patient Data Registry (RPDR), and through the BWH Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Program's patient panel. Also RALLY.

Healthy Control/Volunteers: Partners RALLY (research ally) website.

Description

Inclusion Criteria for Endurance Athletes:

• Age ≥ 18-60
• Official participation in a collegiate varsity rowing team OR participation in competitive endurance athletics (defined as >= 10 hours of exercise training per week with the majority dedicated to endurance activities (i.e. cycling, rowing, running).

Inclusion Criteria for Healthy Volunteers:

• Age ≥ 18-60
• 0-5 hours of exercise per week without anticipated changes in exercise habits over study period
• Able to exercise on an upright bicycle ergometer

Exclusion Criteria for Endurance Athletes and Healthy Volunteers:

• Known medical disease (including but not limited to known cardiac or pulmonary disease, diabetes or contraindications to exercise testing such as uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia, excessive blood pressure of more than 200/100 mmHg at rest, active exacerbation of congestive heart failure or reactive airways disease).
• Pregnancy

Inclusion Criteria for HCM Patients:

• Established HCM diagnosis as per above (20 subjects)
• Age ≥ 18-50
• No anticipated changes to baseline exercise program (if any) over the study period
• Able to exercise on an upright bicycle ergometer

Exclusion Criteria for HCM Patients:

• Obstructive LVOT gradient > 30 mmHg, at rest or with provocation.
• Reduced LVEF < 53%.
• NYHA class III or IV heart failure symptoms.
• History of sudden cardiac death or hemodynamically significant ventricular tachycardia.
• History of unexplained syncope.
• Having a Class I or IIa AHA/ACC indication for ICD placement without an ICD
• Known medical disease (including but not limited to known cardiac or pulmonary disease other than HCM, diabetes, or contraindications to exercise testing such as uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia, excessive blood pressure of more than 200/100 mmHg at rest, active exacerbation of congestive heart failure or reactive airways disease).
• Pregnancy

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Observational Models: Case-Control
• Time Perspectives: Cross-Sectional

Number of groups / cohorts

3

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
Healthy Volunteers/Control; Age and body surface area (BSA) matched volunteers who are sedentary or normally active. Normally active is defined as less than 5 hours of exercise per week. Healthy volunteer subjects must be able to exercise on an upright bicycle ergometer and be between the ages of 18-50.	Other: PET Scan; PET scan using a tracer that is under a physician sponsored IND.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy/HCM; HCM subjects are patients that are age and BSA-matched with the athletes who then have an established clinical diagnosis of HCM without left ventricular (LV) outflow tract obstruction. There can be no anticipated changes to baseline exercise program (if any) over the study period. HCM subjects must be able to exercise on an upright bicycle ergometer and be between the ages of 18-50.	Other: PET Scan; PET scan using a tracer that is under a physician sponsored IND.
Endurance Athletes; Official participation in a collegiate athletic varsity rowing team OR participation in competitive endurance athletics. Competitive endurance athletics is defined as greater than or equal to 10 hours of exercise training per week with the majority dedicated to endurance activities such as cycling, rowing, or running. Endurance athlete subjects must be able to exercise on an upright bicycle ergometer and be between the ages of 18-50.	Other: PET Scan; PET scan using a tracer that is under a physician sponsored IND.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Myocardial Metabolic Efficiency	The ratio of myocardial oxygen consumption to myocardial work.	up to 2 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Myocardial Blood Flow Reserve using PET	Difference in blood flow at rest and with exercise.	up to 2 weeks

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Left Ventricular Mass	Size of the left ventricle.	up to 2 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Massachusetts General Hospital
• Collaborators: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); Brigham and Women's Hospital

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): February 28, 2019
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 9, 2022
• Study Completion (Actual): June 9, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 28, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 2, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): October 8, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 16, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 13, 2025
• Last Verified: May 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Healthy Volunteers; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic; Athletes, Endurance
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Aortic Valve Disease; Cardiovascular Diseases; Pathological Conditions, Anatomical; Heart Diseases; Heart Valve Diseases; Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular; Aortic Valve Stenosis; Cardiomyopathies; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic; Hypertrophy
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2014P000781; K23HL136902 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No