DevRobust Treatment for Mal de Débarquement Syndrome

Developing Robust Treatment Options for Mal de Débarquement Syndrome

Mal de Débarquement Syndrome (MdDS) is an under-recognized balance disorder, which is manifested by persistent false sensations of oscillatory self-motion (rocking/swaying) and/or pulling in a specific direction (gravitational pull). Patients with MdDS typically experience additional presumably secondary symptoms, such as heightened sensitivity to visual motion (visually induced dizziness, VID), physical motion (motion sickness, MS), and other debilitating physical, cognitive, or affective problems. MdDS was previously considered intractable, and only recently was a breakthrough made in the clinical laboratory with an introduction of a visual-vestibular therapy protocol, yielding a significant long-term improvement of symptoms, including complete remission, in about 50% of patients. However, the approach is limited in several ways. Firstly, there is a practical limitation in implementing the treatment protocol, which requires a specialized set-up for visual stimulation in a dedicated room. This research will address this limitation by testing the utility of virtual reality technology to implement the treatment protocol. Secondly, patients often retain residual symptoms of VID and MS susceptibility, which often act as a trigger for the recurrence of MdDS. This limitation will be addressed by supplementing the original approach with an additional treatment focusing on VID or MS susceptibility. Thirdly, although the original protocol focused on reducing rocking/swaying sensations, gravitational pull often co-occurs with such sensations, and some experience only that motion sensation. This limitation will be addressed by modifying the original protocol. Two hundred patients with MdDS will be recruited for the study. Bias will be controlled by randomized group assignment and the use of placebo treatments. Patients will be treated for 1-2 hours a day for 5 days. Patients will be followed for up to 6 months. The proposed study will facilitate improved outcomes for MdDS by broadening its treatment options.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Mal de Débarquement Syndrome
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: VOR Readaptation; Behavioral: VOR Habituation; Behavioral: Visual Motion Desensitization; Behavioral: Opposing visual motion stimulus

Detailed Description

Objectives This study aims to improve outcomes of MdDS by broadening its treatment options. Specifically, to improve access to the VOR readaptation treatment, the investigators will test the efficacy of VR goggles in generating visual motion to treat MdDS. If proven to be effective, MdDS patients can be treated locally in many vestibular therapy offices, not only for initial treatment but also for remedial or follow-up treatment when symptoms return. To improve long-term outcomes of MdDS, the investigators will evaluate the efficacy of the treatment of a complementary approach combined with VOR readaptation. The investigators hypothesize that an additional intervention that reduces (habituates) the velocity storage capacity will decrease sensitivity to physical movement and improves MdDS symptoms as well as limits symptom recurrence. In addition the investigators hypothesize that desensitization to visual stimuli can reduce visually induced dizziness frequently observed in patients with MdDS. The investigators will verify whether these complementary treatments will provide a better outcome compared to the readaptation treatment by itself. Lastly, to broaden the scope of the VOR readaptation treatment, the study will address the false sensation of gravitational pull commonly reported by patients. The investigators also hypothesize that a visual motion stimulus without cross-axis head motion can reduce this sensation.

Specific Aims Specific Aim 1: Evaluate the efficacy of VR goggles for VOR readaptation. One hundred patients with oscillatory self-motion sensations will be randomly assigned to undergo VOR readaptation with full-field OKS (Group 1, n=50) or VR goggles (Group 2, n=50). Immediate and up to six-month follow-up results will be compared.

Specific Aim 2: Evaluate the efficacy of habituation and visual desensitization combined with VOR readaptation. Sixty patients with oscillatory self-motion sensations will be randomly assigned to undergo VOR readaptation with full-field OKS combined with a habituation (Group 3, n=30) or visual desensitization (Group 4, n=30) protocol. Immediate and up to six-month follow-up results will be compared to those of Group 1.

Specific Aim 3: Treatment of gravitational pull sensation. The investigators estimate that 40 of 200 patients screened for this study will have a phantom sensation dominated by gravity pull, 20 with only that sensation. These patients will be randomly assigned to undergo OKS in a full-field (Group 5, n=20) or VR setting (Group 6, n=20). Immediate and up to six-month follow-up results will be compared.

How Research Will Be Introduced to Participants:

The study will be introduced to potential participants through public announcements such as ClinicalTrials.gov, referrals from clinicians, or direct contact by investigators to individuals who previously requested to be contacted for the opportunity to participate in an MdDS treatment study.

How Participants Will Be Screened:

Informed consent form will be emailed to individuals interested in study participation. Individuals will be contacted by the investigators over the phone and consented for study participation. Consented potential participants will receive intake forms via email with questions regarding the history and symptom characteristics of MdDS, age, sex, and general medical history. Investigators will review the returned intake forms to determine eligibility for study participation based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria described separately and a telephone interview for confirmation and clarification of the candidate's MdDS symptoms. A nystagmography test will then be requested to verify normal inner ear and central vestibular functioning. When candidates do not qualify for the study, screening data will be de-identified, and only those about MdDS symptom presentation, age, sex, and the reason for exclusion will be kept. Intake form and the nystagmography report of the candidates will be securely transferred to NYU for Dr. Catherine Cho to review. Dr. Cho will then conduct a telephone interview with each candidate, and provide PI with confirmation or denial of candidate eligibility, after which the information reviewed by Dr. Cho will be destroyed.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 200
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Sergei Yakushin, PhD; Phone Number: (212) 241-9349; Email: sergei.yakushin@mssm.edu
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Jun Maruta, PhD; Phone Number: (212) 241-7068; Email: jun.maruta@mountsinai.org

Study Locations

• United States
  • New York
    • New York, New York, United States, 10029
      • Recruiting
      • Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
      • Contact: Sergei Yakushin, PhD; Phone Number: (212) 241-9349; Email: sergei.yakushin@mssm.edu
      • Contact: Jun Maruta, PhD; Phone Number: (212) 241-5611; Email: jun.maruta@mountsinai.org
      • Principal Investigator: Sergei Yakushin

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 78 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Conformable diagnosis of Mal de Débarquement Syndrome including significant improvement of symptoms with passive motion.

Exclusion Criteria:

• A history of abnormal inner ear or central vestibular function indicated by abnormal nystagmography test (abnormal saccades or pursuit, VOR suppression index <85%, no caloric response, decay time constant of response to rotation less than 10 seconds, spontaneous nystagmus).
• Confounding neurological disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, epilepsy, blindness etc.).
• A history of leg, spine, or other injuries that affect their ability to stand or walk without assisting support.
• High level of anxiety as indicated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (≥75) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (≥55).
• Claustrophobia.
• Patients previously treated with VOR readaptation technique are excluded.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Factorial Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

6

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Sham Comparator: Group 1: VOR readaptation with full-field OKS; This group to undergo VOR readaptation with full-field OKS. Groups 1 will be treated with stationary OKS (sham). (Group 1, n=50).	Behavioral: VOR Readaptation; The stimulus will be a combination of horizontal visual motion and a head maneuver. The subject will sit in a stationary chair, and a treatment provider will stand behind the subject. While the subject views the slow horizontal motion up to 10°/s of vertical stripes, the provider will gently hold the head of the subject above the ears and tilt the head in the roll (side-to-side) or pitch (up-down) plane by approximately ±20° at the frequency of 0.2 to 0.05 Hz for up to 10 min. The treatment will be repeated with breaks of approximately 5 min. A treatment session will last no longer 120 min including the breaks. In Groups 1, 3, and 4, subjects will sit in a chair placed in the center of a cylindrical enclosure of a 95 cm radius, and full-field visual motion will be generated with light projected on the wall of this chamber. In Group 2, visual motion will be presented on the screen of a VR headset. Unlike groups 3 and 4, groups 1 and 2 do not receive any complementary treatment.
Sham Comparator: Group 2: VOR readaptation with VR googles; This group to undergo VOR readaptation with VR googles. Groups 2 will be treated with stationary OKS (sham). (Group 2, n=50)	Behavioral: VOR Habituation; The subject will sit in a chair placed in the center of a cylindrical enclosure of a 95 cm radius. Physical motion will be generated by rotating the chair sinusoidally to the left and right, and full-field visual motion will be generated with light projected on the wall of this chamber. Velocity storage will be weakened by inducing a conflict between physical and visual motions. Subjects will be first treated with a stimulus with a peak speed of 5°/s. The stimulus speed will be gradually increased from 5°/s on Day 1 to 40°/s on Day 5. In total, the subjects are expected to undergo 200-280 min of treatment over the five days, broken up into several 10-20 min sessions per day with a 10-min break in between. If signs or symptoms of motion sickness are reported by the subject (nausea, sweating), the session will be immediately paused. Treatment may be continued after a short rest if the discomfort is alleviated or on the following day.
Active Comparator: Group 3: Supplemental VOR habituation; This group to undergo VOR readaptation with full-field OKS combined with a habituation protocol. (Group 3, n=30)	Behavioral: VOR Readaptation; The stimulus will be a combination of horizontal visual motion and a head maneuver. The subject will sit in a stationary chair, and a treatment provider will stand behind the subject. While the subject views the slow horizontal motion up to 10°/s of vertical stripes, the provider will gently hold the head of the subject above the ears and tilt the head in the roll (side-to-side) or pitch (up-down) plane by approximately ±20° at the frequency of 0.2 to 0.05 Hz for up to 10 min. The treatment will be repeated with breaks of approximately 5 min. A treatment session will last no longer 120 min including the breaks. In Groups 1, 3, and 4, subjects will sit in a chair placed in the center of a cylindrical enclosure of a 95 cm radius, and full-field visual motion will be generated with light projected on the wall of this chamber. In Group 2, visual motion will be presented on the screen of a VR headset. Unlike groups 3 and 4, groups 1 and 2 do not receive any complementary treatment.; Behavioral: VOR Habituation; The subject will sit in a chair placed in the center of a cylindrical enclosure of a 95 cm radius. Physical motion will be generated by rotating the chair sinusoidally to the left and right, and full-field visual motion will be generated with light projected on the wall of this chamber. Velocity storage will be weakened by inducing a conflict between physical and visual motions. Subjects will be first treated with a stimulus with a peak speed of 5°/s. The stimulus speed will be gradually increased from 5°/s on Day 1 to 40°/s on Day 5. In total, the subjects are expected to undergo 200-280 min of treatment over the five days, broken up into several 10-20 min sessions per day with a 10-min break in between. If signs or symptoms of motion sickness are reported by the subject (nausea, sweating), the session will be immediately paused. Treatment may be continued after a short rest if the discomfort is alleviated or on the following day.
Active Comparator: Group 4: Visual desensitization treatment; This group to undergo VOR readaptation with full-field OKS combined with visual desensitization protocol. (Group 4, n=30)	Behavioral: VOR Readaptation; The stimulus will be a combination of horizontal visual motion and a head maneuver. The subject will sit in a stationary chair, and a treatment provider will stand behind the subject. While the subject views the slow horizontal motion up to 10°/s of vertical stripes, the provider will gently hold the head of the subject above the ears and tilt the head in the roll (side-to-side) or pitch (up-down) plane by approximately ±20° at the frequency of 0.2 to 0.05 Hz for up to 10 min. The treatment will be repeated with breaks of approximately 5 min. A treatment session will last no longer 120 min including the breaks. In Groups 1, 3, and 4, subjects will sit in a chair placed in the center of a cylindrical enclosure of a 95 cm radius, and full-field visual motion will be generated with light projected on the wall of this chamber. In Group 2, visual motion will be presented on the screen of a VR headset. Unlike groups 3 and 4, groups 1 and 2 do not receive any complementary treatment.; Behavioral: Visual Motion Desensitization; The subject will be situated in darkness and view the movement of a visual pattern presented on a disk, sized 1 m in diameter and placed 1 m away from the subject with its center at the eye level. The disk will be rotated clockwise and counter-clockwise for up to 10 min at a fixed maximal speed within a treatment session but varying across sessions between 5 to 60°/s. Within a single session, the visual stimulus will be first presented with the subject sitting upright in a chair, and then the treatment will be repeated with the subject standing. The disk will be mounted on a vertical sled, so the center of rotation can be kept at the eye level when sitting and standing. A treatment session will be repeated or conducted with an increased visual motion speed up to 60°/s according to the subject's readiness. In total, the subjects are expected to undergo up to 300 min of treatment over the five days, broken up into several sessions per day with a 10-min break in between
Active Comparator: Group 5: Treatment of gravitational pull with OKS with full-field setting; This group with phantom sensation dominated by gravity pull. This group will undergo OKS in a full-field (Group 5, n=20) .	Behavioral: Opposing visual motion stimulus; The investigators characterize gravitational pull as a misaligned sense of upright in the velocity storage mechanism, and hypothesize that that this misalignment can be corrected with an opposing visual motion stimulus, e.g., backward pulling will be corrected with upward visual motion. Patients in Group 5 will undergo view visual motion in a physical setting, and those in Group 6 under a VR setting. In total, the subjects are expected to undergo up to 300 min of treatment over the five days, broken up into several sessions of 1-10 min per day with an approximately 5-min break in between.
Active Comparator: Group 6: Treatment of gravitational pull with OKS with VR setting; This group with phantom sensation dominated by gravity pull. This group will undergo OKS in a VR setting (Group 6, n=20).	Behavioral: Opposing visual motion stimulus; The investigators characterize gravitational pull as a misaligned sense of upright in the velocity storage mechanism, and hypothesize that that this misalignment can be corrected with an opposing visual motion stimulus, e.g., backward pulling will be corrected with upward visual motion. Patients in Group 5 will undergo view visual motion in a physical setting, and those in Group 6 under a VR setting. In total, the subjects are expected to undergo up to 300 min of treatment over the five days, broken up into several sessions of 1-10 min per day with an approximately 5-min break in between.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Subjective severity of MdDS-related Symptoms Self-score	The levels of subjective severity of MdDS-related symptoms will be reported on an 11-point Likert scale of 0-10, where 0 is no symptoms, and 10 is the most challenging sensation of that symptom that the patient can imagine. Higher score indicates poorer health outcome.	Baseline and 6 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI)	The form contains 25 questions subdivides into 3 groups to determine the physical, emotional, and functional aspects of disability related to MdDS. Total score range 0-100. Sub-scores: physical disability: 0-24; emotional disability: 0-36; functional disability 0-40. Higher score indicates poorer/better health outcome.	Baseline and 6 months
Change in Visual Vertigo Analogue Scale (VVAS)	The form contains 9 questions scored 0-10 related to VID. Scores are averaged across all questions. Score >3 - low VID; 3-8 - high VID; >8 - extreme VID. Higher score indicates poorer health outcome.	Baseline and 6 months
Change in Situational Vertigo Questionnaire (SVQ)	The form Contain 19 questions (scored 0-4) to determine sensitivity to physical motion. Individual scores are averaged. Score <1- not sensitive; 1-3 - sensitive to motion; >3 - highly sensitive to motion. Higher score indicates higher sensitivity to motion.	Baseline and 6 months
Change in Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)	The form contains 21 questions related to anxiety. Each question is ranged 0-3. Individual scores are summated. Total score 0-9, normal or no anxiety; 10-18, mild to moderate anxiety; 19-29, moderate to severe anxiety; and 30-63, severe anxiety. Higher score indicates poorer health outcome.	Baseline and 6 months
Postural stability	Static posturography will be obtained with a custom-designed computer program for a Wii board (Nintendo). The displacement of the center of pressure (COP) over a 1 min period will be measured, and the root means square (RMS) of the postural displacement will be computed to compare the postural stability before and after the treatment. The total trajectory length (maximum excursion) of the COP deviation over 20 s will also be computed. Postural stability will be measured with the subject standing with their feet 30 cm apart and eyes either open or closed.	During 5 days of treatment
Velocity storage time constant	The time constant (Tc) of velocity storage will be determined from the decay profile of the nystagmus's slow phase velocity generated in response to a rotational step velocity of 60°/s in clockwise and counterclockwise directions in darkness. Movements of the right eye will be recorded with video oculography at a rate of 60 frames/s (ISCAN) or binocularly at 250 fr/s (FNND Inc). After 60 s of rotation, the chair will be stopped, and post-rotatory nystagmus will be recorded to 60 s. The total duration of the test is 5 min. The test will be performed before and after daily habituation sessions.	During 5 days of treatment
Anonymous REDCap survey	Survey contains information on group and whether treatment was effective initially and 6-months after: 1) strongly agree; 2) somewhat agree; 3) cannot determine difference; 4) symptoms slightly worsened; 5) significantly worsened.	At 6-month follow-up
Change in the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)	A 40 self-report items questionnaire, each item scored on 4-point likert-type response scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (almost always), full range from 20 to 80, with higher score STAI scores suggesting higher levels of anxiety.	Baseline and 6 months
Change in The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item, 4-point scale to assess depression and anxiety based on the total score of 7 items each. Each item is scored 0 - 3, with full range from 0 to 42, with higher score indicating more severe anxiety or depression.	Baseline and 6 months
Change in The Vestibular Disorders Activities of Daily Living Scale (VADL)	The Vestibular Disorders Activities of Daily Living Scale (VADL) is a 31-item, 10-point scale to assess functional limitation or disability in people with vestibular disorders focused on essential functional skills and important mobility and instrumental skills. Full score from 1-10, with higher score indicating poorer health outcome.	Baseline and 6 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
• Collaborators: New York University; National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); Ohio University; Brooklyn College of the City University of New York
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Sergei Yakushin, PhD, Ichan Scool of Medicine at Mount Sinai

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Dai M, Cohen B, Cho C, Shin S, Yakushin SB. Treatment of the Mal de Debarquement Syndrome: A 1-Year Follow-up. Front Neurol. 2017 May 5;8:175. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00175. eCollection 2017.
• Yakushin SB, Raphan T, Cho C. Treatment of Gravitational Pulling Sensation in Patients With Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS): A Model-Based Approach. Front Integr Neurosci. 2022 May 23;16:801817. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2022.801817. eCollection 2022.
• Yakushin SB, Zink R, Clark BC, Liu C. Readaptation Treatment of Mal de Debarquement Syndrome With a Virtual Reality App: A Pilot Study. Front Neurol. 2020 Aug 18;11:814. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00814. eCollection 2020.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 1, 2023
• Primary Completion (Estimated): January 1, 2027
• Study Completion (Estimated): April 30, 2027

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: July 13, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 13, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): July 15, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): February 17, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 12, 2026
• Last Verified: February 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Disease; Syndrome
• Other Study ID Numbers: GCO 21-0162; R01DC019928 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: YES
• IPD Plan Description: All of the individual participant data collected during the trial, after deidentification.
• IPD Sharing Time Frame: Immediately following publication. No end date.

IPD Sharing Access Criteria

Investigators whose proposed use of the data has been approved by an independent review committee ('learned intermediary') identified for this purpose.

Any purpose. Proposals should be directed to sergei.yakushin@mssm.edu. To gain access, data requestors will need to sign a data access agreement. Data will be available for 5 years at a third party website (tbd).

• IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type: STUDY_PROTOCOL

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No