The Antibiogram and Outcomes of Antimicrobial Regimens in Microbial Keratitis: A Prospective Cohort Study

Evaluation of Antibiogram Results and Clinical Response to Prescribed Antimicrobials in Microbial Keratitis Patients

This study is an observational prospective cohort study which aims to generate an antibiogram and to assess the clinical responses and outcomes of microbial keratitis patients, treated with empiric topical antimicrobial therapies, with the main objective being to recommend the most effective empiric therapy. Microbial keratitis patients are attending the Cornea Outpatient Clinic at Alexandria Main University Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Bacterial Keratitis; Fungal Keratitis; Mixed Bacterial and Fungal Keratitis; Microbial Keratitis
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Moxifloxacin Ophthalmic 0.5% Ophthalmic Solution; Drug: Ceftazidime 5% + vancomycin 5%; Drug: Gentamicin 1.4% + vancomycin 5%; Drug: Natamycin 5% Oph Susp; Drug: Voriconazole 1%; Drug: Natamycin 5% + voriconazole 1%; Drug: Natamycin 5%+ ceftazidime 5% + vancomycin 5%; Drug: Voriconazole 1% + ceftazidime 5% + vancomycin 5%

Detailed Description

The main objective of this observational study is to recommend the most effective empiric topical antimicrobial therapy in microbial keratitis, according to the current local antimicrobial resistance data and the clinical outcomes of patients with bacterial, fungal, and mixed bacterial and fungal keratitis being treated with different empiric topical antibiotics and antifungal therapies.

In the study, test results of routinely performed culture and sensitivity on corneal scraping samples and on contact lenses in indicated severe, centrally located, and large ulcers are collected and analyzed. The sensitivity data is utilized to generate an antibiogram to describe the local prevalence of bacteria and fungi causing microbial keratitis and to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance.

Results of the culture and sensitivity are often delayed, hence empiric broad- spectrum antimicrobial therapy is ideally started after corneal scraping, until laboratory test results are obtained. Broad-spectrum empiric therapy will be modified into a more selective culture- guided therapy if the causative agent and its antimicrobial sensitivity are identified.

Empiric therapy continues in cases where the culture results are negative together with clinical improvement. Also, when patients have already been on empiric treatment before presenting to the clinic, corneal scraping and culture are not performed.

In the study, microbial keratitis patients diagnosed as either bacterial, fungal, or mixed bacterial and fungal keratitis, taking the empiric topical antimicrobials, are observed. The study investigator 's role is to observe and study the clinical responses and treatment outcomes of microbial keratitis patients who are on different empiric antimicrobial therapies as part of the routine medical care. There is no assignment of any intervention to the study participants. The investigator does not intervene, and does not prescribe, recommend, or assign any intervention to the study participants.

The clinical response of microbial keratitis patients, who are on different empiric antibiotics and antifungal eye drops, is studied by determining the primary and secondary outcomes. Measured outcomes include corneal ulcer healing, time to epithelialization, improvement in visual acuity, rates of surgical interventions and complications.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 123

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Egypt
  • Alexandria, Egypt
    • Cornea Outpatient Clinic at Alexandria Main University Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 1 year to 90 years (Child, Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Bacterial keratitis, fungal keratitis, and mixed bacterial and fungal keratitis patients attending the Cornea Outpatient Clinic at Alexandria Main University Hospital.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients diagnosed with bacterial keratitis either clinically or by culture.
• Patients diagnosed with fungal keratitis either clinically or by culture.
• Patients diagnosed with mixed bacterial and fungal keratitis either clinically or by culture.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients diagnosed with corneal abrasions and non-infectious corneal ulcers.
• Patients diagnosed with acanthamoeba keratitis as a single causative agent.
• Patients diagnosed with viral keratitis as a single causative agent.
• Patients who are noncompliant to treatment.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Observational Models: Cohort
• Time Perspectives: Prospective

Number of groups / cohorts

3

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
Bacterial keratitis; Microbial keratitis patients diagnosed with bacterial keratitis and treated with the empiric topical antibiotics eye drops at the usual doses for the management of bacterial keratitis, as part of routine medical care.	Drug: Moxifloxacin Ophthalmic 0.5% Ophthalmic Solution; In the observational study, patients treated with topical antibiotic moxifloxacin 0.5% eye drops as part of routine medical care are observed. The investigator does not assign any specific intervention to the study participants.; Other Names: Vigamox®; Drug: Ceftazidime 5% + vancomycin 5%; In the observational study, patients treated with topical fortified antibiotics ceftazidime 5% and vancomycin 5% eye drops as part of routine medical care are observed. The investigator does not assign any specific intervention to the study participants.; Other Names: (CAZ-VAN); Drug: Gentamicin 1.4% + vancomycin 5%; In the observational study, patients treated with the topical fortified antibiotics gentamicin 1.4% and vancomycin 5% eye drops as part of routine medical care are observed. The investigator does not assign any specific intervention to the study participants.; Other Names: (GEN-VAN)
Fungal keratitis; Microbial keratitis patients diagnosed with fungal keratitis and treated with the empiric topical antifungals eye drops at the usual doses for the management of fungal keratitis, as part of routine medical care.	Drug: Natamycin 5% Oph Susp; In the observational study, patients treated with the topical natamycin 5% antifungal eye drops as part of routine medical care are observed. The investigator does not assign any specific intervention to the study participants.; Drug: Voriconazole 1%; In the observational study, patients treated with voriconazole 1% antifungal eye drops as part of routine medical care are observed. The investigator does not assign any specific intervention to the study participants.; Other Names: Vfend®; Drug: Natamycin 5% + voriconazole 1%; In the observational study, patients treated with the topical natamycin 5% and voriconazole 1% antifungals eye drops as part of routine medical care are observed. The investigator does not assign any specific intervention to the study participants.; Other Names: (NT-VRC)
Mixed bacterial and fungal keratitis; Microbial keratitis patients diagnosed with mixed bacterial and fungal keratitis and treated with the empiric topical antibiotics and antifungals eye drops at the usual doses for the management of mixed bacterial and fungal keratitis, as part of routine medical care.	Drug: Natamycin 5%+ ceftazidime 5% + vancomycin 5%; In the observational study, patients treated with the topical natamycin 5% and antifungal and the fortified antibiotic ceftazidime 5% and vancomycin 5% eye drops as part of routine medical care are observed. The investigator does not assign any specific intervention to the study participants.; Other Names: (NT-CAZ-VAN); Drug: Voriconazole 1% + ceftazidime 5% + vancomycin 5%; In the observational study, patients treated with the topical voriconazole 1% antifungal and the fortified antibiotics ceftazidime 5% and vancomycin 5% eye drops as part of routine medical care are observed. The investigator does not assign any specific intervention to the study participants.; Other Names: (VRC-CAZ-VAN)

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Corneal ulcer healing	An ulcer is recognized as healed when there is a lack of epithelial defect, and no infiltrates. This is detected by the routine examination under the cobalt-blue light of the slit lamp biomicroscope. The absence of fluorescein staining when fluorescein is applied to the ulcer indicates an intact epithelium.	4 months from participation
The time to epithelialization	The time required to re-epithelialization of the corneal ulcer is measured in days.	4 months from participation
The antibiogram generation	The corneal scraping culture and sensitivity test results are collected to produce the local antibiogram. Antimicrobial susceptibility is determined using the standard agar disc-diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) by measuring the zone of inhibition. For each isolate, percentage susceptibility to the antimicrobial is calculated by dividing the number of susceptible isolates by the total number of tested isolates.	4 months from participation

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
The best spectacle-corrected visual acuity	The best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) is routinely measured using the Snellen chart. The baseline (BCVA) and the post-treatment (BCVA) are recorded as decimal values of Snellen fractions. For patients with very low vision, the semiquantitative scale of counting fingers (CF), hand motion (HM), perception of light (PL) and no perception of light (NPL) is quantified by their conversion into the equivalent decimal values using the Freiburg Visual Acuity Test (FrACT). The improvement in (BCVA) is measured by finding the difference between the post-treatment BCVA and the baseline BCVA.	4 months from participation
Surgical interventions	The percentage of surgical interventions is calculated. An example of surgical intervention is therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (TKP)	4 months from participation
Corneal perforations	The percentage of corneal perforations is calculated. Corneal perforations are routinely tested by the Seidel test on slit lamp biomicroscope examination with cobalt blue light.	4 months from participation
Corneal melting	The percentage of corneal melting is calculated. Corneal melting is clinically diagnosed by the slit lamp biomicroscope examination.	4 months from participation
Corneal opacities	The percentage of corneal opacities is calculated. The presence of corneal opacity is detected by the slit lamp biomicroscope examination.	4 months from participation

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Alexandria University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Noha A Hamdy, PhD, Assistant Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, Alexandria University; Principal Investigator: Nelly M Mohamed, PhD, Associate Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Alexandria University; Principal Investigator: Tamer H Massoud, PhD, Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Alexandria University; Principal Investigator: Amira A Nayel, PharmD, Master's student at the Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Alexandria University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Nayel AA, Hamdy NA, Massoud TH, Mohamed NM. A comparison of antimicrobial regimen outcomes and antibiogram development in microbial keratitis: a prospective cohort study in Alexandria, Egypt. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2024 Jan 19. doi: 10.1007/s00417-023-06362-0. Online ahead of print.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 31, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): January 1, 2023
• Study Completion (Actual): January 1, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 22, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 15, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): December 19, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): January 25, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 24, 2024
• Last Verified: November 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Prevalence; Vancomycin; Voriconazole; Bacteria; Moxifloxacin; Antimicrobial resistance; Sensitivity; Gentamicin; Culture; Antibiogram; Fungal keratitis; Bacterial keratitis; Ceftazidime; Microbial keratitis; Infectious corneal ulcer; Mycotic keratitis; Fortified antibiotics eye drops; Natamycin; Antifungal eye drops; Fungi; Mixed bacterial and fungal keratitis
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Eye Diseases; Corneal Diseases; Keratitis; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Anti-Infective Agents; Enzyme Inhibitors; Antineoplastic Agents; Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; Topoisomerase Inhibitors; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Hormone Antagonists; Antifungal Agents; Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors; Pharmaceutical Solutions; 14-alpha Demethylase Inhibitors; Vancomycin; Moxifloxacin; Ophthalmic Solutions; Gentamicins; Voriconazole; Ceftazidime; Natamycin
• Other Study ID Numbers: ID 0106991

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No