Reduction of Antibiotherapy Duration for Infections on Implantable Extra Cardiac Devices Leads (RAID)

Reduction of Antibiotherapy Duration for Infections on Implantable Extra Cardiac Devices Leads: a Randomized Controlled Multicenter Non-inferiority Trial

The design is an Open-label randomized controlled multicenter non-inferiority trial with blinded assessor which compares 2 antibiotic strategy: 14-day antibiotic therapy after removal of infected material (experimental group) versus 28-day antibiotic therapy after removal of infected material (control group).

Randomization will be centralized, individual 1:1, stratified on center and age (<75 versus >=75 years). Analysis will be reported following CONSORT guidelines for pharmacological trials.

Main analysis will be conducted according to per protocol and intent-to-treat principles. Subgroup analysis will be conducted according to age, classes of antibiotics at baseline and according to resistance testing and baseline renal clearance.

Study Overview

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Conditions: Cardiac Devices Infection
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: 14-day antibiotic therapy; Drug: 28-day antibiotic therapy

Detailed Description

Infections of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) are one of the most frequent complication after implantation of these devices, with an incidence rate estimated at 4.82 / 1000 in Denmark, mainly in the first year post implantation. An american study found that the incidence of CIED infection in the USA increased from 1.53% in 2004 to 2.41% in 2008 and a National Inpatient Sample database study showed an increase from 1.45% to 3.41% (P<0.001) from 2000 through 2012. These figures are constantly increasing and concern mostly older people.

Although the mortality seems to be low compared to those of valvular infection , evaluated at 4% for nonstaphylococcal infection and up to 9% for Staphylococcus aureus related infections, those infections are responsible of numerous morbidities such as iterative hospitalizations, decompensations of other comorbidities and autonomy loss, especially, for older people

Clinical presentations of CIED infections are varied and include generator pocket infections, native or prosthetic CIED-associated valvular endocarditis (CIED-IE) with echocardiographic evidence of valve involvement, and CIED lead infections (CIED-LI) with evidence of lead infection without valve involvement.

In CIED infections, removal of the device is the cornerstone of treatment and is usually required to enable cure in association with antimicrobial therapy for a few weeks. However, although antimicrobial therapy duration after removal of the device are relatively well defined for generator pocket infections (10 - 14 days for the remaining skin and soft tissue infection) and CIED-IE (4 - 6 weeks), the optimal duration of antibiotic treatment in CIED-LI has yet to be determined.

Several series amalgamate generator pocket infection, CIED-IE and CIED-LI descript duration of therapy and are therefore unhelpful in deciding on the optimum duration of antimicrobials.

Guidelines for management of CIED infections recommend different durations of antibiotic treatment, particularly for CIED-LI, which can result in considerable inappropriate antimicrobial exposure in a vulnerable patient population.

In light of the emergence of bacterial resistance and in order to limit the drug toxicities of antibiotics, it is crucial to offer patients the shortest possible duration of treatment, without losing efficiency.

Infections of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) are one of the most frequent complication after implantation of these devices, with an incidence rate estimated at 4.82 / 1000 in Denmark, mainly in the first year post implantation(1). An american study found that the incidence of CIED infection in the USA increased from 1.53% in 2004 to 2.41% in 2008 and a National Inpatient Sample database study showed an increase from 1.45% to 3.41% (P<0.001) from 2000 through 2012. These figures are constantly increasing and concern mostly older people.

Although the mortality seems to be low compared to those of valvular infection , evaluated at 4% for nonstaphylococcal infection and up to 9% for Staphylococcus aureus related infections (4), those infections are responsible of numerous morbidities such as iterative hospitalizations, decompensations of other comorbidities and autonomy loss, especially, for older people

Clinical presentations of CIED infections are varied and include generator pocket infections, native or prosthetic CIED-associated valvular endocarditis (CIED-IE) with echocardiographic evidence of valve involvement, and CIED lead infections (CIED-LI) with evidence of lead infection without valve involvement.

In CIED infections, removal of the device is the cornerstone of treatment and is usually required to enable cure in association with antimicrobial therapy for a few weeks. However, although antimicrobial therapy duration after removal of the device are relatively well defined for generator pocket infections (10 - 14 days for the remaining skin and soft tissue infection) and CIED-IE (4 - 6 weeks) (5), the optimal duration of antibiotic treatment in CIED-LI has yet to be determined.

Several series amalgamate generator pocket infection, CIED-IE and CIED-LI descript duration of therapy and are therefore unhelpful in deciding on the optimum duration of antimicrobials .

Guidelines for management of CIED infections recommend different durations of antibiotic treatment, particularly for CIED-LI, which can result in considerable inappropriate antimicrobial exposure in a vulnerable patient population.

In light of the emergence of bacterial resistance and in order to limit the drug toxicities of antibiotics, it is crucial to offer patients the shortest possible duration of treatment, without losing efficiency.

To this regard, renal failure is one of the most frequent adverse effect during antibiotic treatment, especially in older patients with polymedication and comorbidities, and is responsible indirectly of increasing mortality.

Furthermore, shortening antibiotic therapy would allow to decrease the number of allergy events and Clostridium difficile colitis.

In the most recent European recommendations , if the TEE performed after device removal shows no signs of valve vegetation (i.e. isolated lead vegetation), the follow-up blood cultures are negative, the clinical improvement is good and there are no pulmonary abscesses, treatment duration for 2 weeks post-device extraction can be sufficient but total treatment duration should not be shorter than 4 weeks.

Older U.S guidelines recommend at least 2 weeks of parenteral therapy after extraction of an infected device for patients with bloodstream infection. Patients with sustained (>24 hours) positive blood cultures despite CIED removal and appropriate antimicrobial therapy should receive parenteral therapy for at least 4 weeks, even if TEE is negative for valvular vegetations.

In the British recommendations short course therapy (2 weeks) could be considered if tricuspid valve is structurally normal, no ghost lesions present after system removal on control TEE and rapid clinical response to device removal.

Finally, no clinical trial data are available to define the optimal duration of antimicrobial therapy for CIED-LI and all recommendations are based on retrospective studies and expert opinion. U.S guidelines are mainly based on one retrospective, non-randomized, monocenter cohort study leading to possible confusion and indication bias. However, this study, which is to our knowledge the only one on this topic, 189 patients were included from 1991 to 2003 and presented either a generator pocket infections, a CIED-IE, or a CIED-LI without valvular infection. All results were "pooled" together when describing duration of therapy and are therefore unhelpful in deciding on the optimum duration of antimicrobials. Besides, english recommendations are based on expert opinions, themselves based on case series and pharmacological considerations .

Our hypothesis is therefore that in CIED-LI, 14 days of antimicrobial therapy after device extraction is sufficient regardless of the duration of previous antibiotic therapy if the bacteremia is controlled and if there are (i) no distant infectious foci (abscess), no valvular lesions

Therefore the benefit-risk balance of a shortening of antibiotic therapy for CIED infections needs to be assessed with a high-level of evidence.

This study is endorsed by AEPEI

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 500
• Phase: Phase 4

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Raphael LEPEULE, Infectiologue; Phone Number: 33 01.45.17.80.03; Email: raphael.lepeule@aphp.fr
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Candy ESTEVEZ, Project Manager; Phone Number: 33 01.44.84.17.47; Email: candy.estevez@aphp.fr

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age ≥18 years

• Diagnosis of CIED leads infections, defined by:

  1. Symptoms/signs of systemic infection AND positive blood cultures fulfilled the major Duke microbiological criteria AND echocardiography consistent with vegetation(s) attached to lead(s) AND/OR [18F]FDG PET/CT or radiolabelled WBC SPECT/CT detection of abnormal activity along leads OR
  2. Symptoms/signs of systemic infection AND NO, signs of generator pocket infection, AND culture, histology or molecular evidence of infection on explanted lead.
• Complete removal of the infected CIED
• Signed informed consent
• French National Health Assurance

Exclusion Criteria:

• Current involvement of native or prosthetic heart valve
• Distant infectious foci (such as haematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis, pulmonary abscess…) justifying a prolonged duration of therapy.
• Positive blood culture > 24 hours after cultures despite CIED removal
• CIED infection with Mycobacteria or Fungi
• Women who are pregnant or nursing
• Females of childbearing potential without effective method of birth control
• Patients who are under tutorship or curatorship

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Experimental group; 14-day antibiotic therapy after removal of infected material	Drug: 14-day antibiotic therapy; The studied intervention will be 14-day antibiotic therapy after removal of infected material; Other Names: Experimental arm
Active Comparator: control group; 28-day antibiotic therapy after removal of infected material	Drug: 28-day antibiotic therapy; The comparator arm will be 28-day antibiotic therapy after removal of infected material; Other Names: Control arm

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Mortality,	Mortality linked to infection during or after antibiotic therapy	at 3 months after randomization,
Rate of relapse of infection	Rate of relapse of infection defined by diagnostic of endocarditis or CIED infection with the same bacteria	at 3 months after randomization
Rate of relapse of infection	Number of patient whith relapse of infection defined by diagnostic of endocarditis or CIED infection with the same bacteria	at 6 months after randomization
Rate of a distant infections	Rate of a distant infectious foci with the same bacteria	at 3 months after randomization
Rate of a distant infectious	Rate of diagnostic of a distant infectious foci with the same bacteria	6 months after randomization

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Rate of Acute Renal failure,	rate of Acute Renal failure at the end of the antibiotherapy	at the end of the antibiotherapy period
Rate of Acute Renal failure,	Rate of Acute Renal failure at 3 months after the end of the antibiotherapy antibiotherapy	at 3 months after the end of the antibiotherapy
Rate of Acute Renal failure,	The Rate of Acute Renal failure at 6 months after the end of the antibiotherapy	at 6 months after the end of the antibiotherapy
Rate of Clostridium difficile colitis,	The measurements of the event occuring will be taken at 3 months after the end of the antibiotherapy périod	at 3 months after the end of antibiotherapy
Rate of Clostridium difficile colitis,	The measurements of the event occuring will be taken at 6 months afte rthe end of the antibiotherapy périod	at 6 months after the end of antibiotherapy
Rate of allergy grade III or IV	The measurements of the event occuring will be taken at 3 months after the end of the antibiotherapy périod	at 3 months after the end of antibiotherapy
Rate of allergy grade III or IV	The measurements of the event occuring will be taken at 6 months after the end of the antibiotherapy périod	at 6 months after the end of antibiotherapy
Percentage of unplanned hospitalization	Percentage of unplanned hospitalization within 6 months after the end of antibiotherapy	within 6 months after the end of antibiotherapy
Percentage of emergency consultation,	Percentage of emergency consultation within 6 months after the end of antibiotherapy	within 6 months after the end of antibiotherapy
percentage of adverse events related to antibiotherapy	Percentage of adverse events related to antibiotherapy within 6 months after the end of antibiotherapy	within 6 months after the end of antibiotherapy

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Estimated): June 30, 2024
• Primary Completion (Estimated): January 30, 2028
• Study Completion (Estimated): June 30, 2028

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 29, 2023
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 2, 2024
• First Posted (Actual): January 12, 2024

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): January 12, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 2, 2024
• Last Verified: January 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Randomized; Infections; Non-inferiority; Antibiotherapy; Implantable extra cardiac devices
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Disease Attributes; Infections; Communicable Diseases; Anti-Infective Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular
• Other Study ID Numbers: APHP220013

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No