Effect of Mobile Application- and AI Supported Video-Based Patient Education on Patient Outcomes in Teaching Clean Intermittent Catheterization

March 19, 2026 updated by: Elife Kettas Dolek, Mersin University

Effect of Mobile Application- and Artificial Intelligence-Supported Video-Based Patient Education on Patient Outcomes in Teaching Clean Intermittent Catheterization

The study aimed to determine the effects of a mobile application and an artificial intelligence-supported educational video, developed for patients who will perform clean intermittent catheterization (CIC), on patients' adherence, levels of difficulty, self-confidence, infection parameters (urinalysis, urine culture, infection incidence), and recurrent hospital admissions.The number of CIC patients who applied to the Urology Outpatient Clinic of Mersin University within the last year was 110. Since no similar study was found, the sample size was calculated using an a priori power analysis with G*Power 3.1.9.7 software. For the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the parameters used were α error probability = 0.05, power (1-β error probability) = 0.80, number of groups = 3, and effect size f = 0.40 (large effect size). As a result of the power analysis, the total sample size was calculated as 90, with 30 participants in each group. Considering a possible data loss (dropout) rate of approximately 10% (Hernández-Rodríguez et al., 2022), it was planned to include 33 participants in each group (a total of 99 participants) at the beginning of the study.Data will be collected using the "Descriptive Information Form," "Intermittent Catheterization Adherence Scale," "Self-Confidence Scale in Clean Intermittent Self-Catheterization," "Intermittent Catheterization Difficulty Questionnaire," and the "Patient Follow-up Form."Patients who will perform clean intermittent catheterization will receive training through a mobile application (intervention group 1) and an artificial intelligence-supported educational video (intervention group 2). Patients in the control group will be trained using the routine brochure provided in the outpatient clinic.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

The study was designed as a prospective, three-arm (1:1:1), randomized controlled clinical trial. The study will be conducted at the Urology Outpatient Clinic of Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Hospital. The Urology Outpatient Clinic includes adult and pediatric outpatient units, an intervention room, an ultrasound room, an andrology laboratory, a lithotripsy unit, and a urodynamics unit. The Department of Urology consists of seven faculty members and 11 research assistants. In the urology outpatient clinic, there is one nurse, two technicians, two secretaries, and one cleaning staff member. Outpatient services are provided between 08:00 and 17:00, and clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) training is also delivered to patients during these hours. The nurse provides training to patients who will perform CIC using a brochure. After the training, patients routinely return to the outpatient clinic for follow-up visits on the 15th day and at the 3rd month. study aimed to determine the effects of a mobile application and an artificial intelligence-supported educational video, developed for patients who will perform clean intermittent catheterization (CIC), on patients' adherence, levels of difficulty, self-confidence, infection parameters (urinalysis, urine culture, infection incidence), and recurrent hospital admissions.The number of CIC patients who applied to the Urology Outpatient Clinic of Mersin University within the last year was 110. Since no similar study was found, the sample size was calculated using an a priori power analysis with G*Power 3.1.9.7 software. For the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the parameters used were α error probability = 0.05, power (1-β error probability) = 0.80, number of groups = 3, and effect size f = 0.40 (large effect size). As a result of the power analysis, the total sample size was calculated as 90, with 30 participants in each group. Considering a possible data loss (dropout) rate of approximately 10% (Hernández-Rodríguez et al., 2022), it was planned to include 33 participants in each group (a total of 99 participants) at the beginning of the study.Data will be collected using the "Descriptive Information Form," "Intermittent Catheterization Adherence Scale," "Self-Confidence Scale in Clean Intermittent Self-Catheterization," "Intermittent Catheterization Difficulty Questionnaire," and the "Patient Follow-up Form."Patients who will perform clean intermittent catheterization will receive training through a mobile application (intervention group 1) and an artificial intelligence-supported educational video (intervention group 2). Patients in the control group will be trained using the routine brochure provided in the outpatient clinic.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
99

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.
  • Name: ELİFE KETTAŞ DÖLEK, Prinicipal İnvestigator
  • Phone Number: 03242410000
  • Email: elifeket@yahoo.com

Study Contact Backup

  • Name: ELİFE KETTAŞ DÖLEK, Principal İnvestigator

Study Locations

  • Turkey (Türkiye)
      • Mersin, Turkey (Türkiye)
        • Mersin Unıversıty
        • Principal Investigator:
          • GÜLAY ALTUN UĞRAŞ
        • Contact:
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • ERİM ERDEM
        • Principal Investigator:
          • MERT BAŞARANOĞLU

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Patients who require intermittent catheterization (TAK),
  • Aged 18 years or older,
  • Willing to participate in the study,
  • Able to understand Turkish,
  • Literate,
  • Without visual or hearing impairments,
  • Owning a smartphone, tablet, or computer,
  • Without difficulties using technology.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Patients who do not require intermittent catheterization (TAK),
  • Under 18 years of age,
  • Not willing to participate in the study,
  • Do not understand Turkish,
  • Illiterate,
  • With visual or hearing impairments,
  • Do not own a smartphone, tablet, or computer,
  • Having difficulties using technology.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Triple

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Experimental Group: Mobile application group
Patients who will perform clean intermittent catheterization will receive training through a mobile application (intervention group 1)
Other: Mobile application
Patients who will perform clean intermittent catheterization will receive training through a mobile application (intervention group 1)
Experimental: Experimental group: Artificial intelligent video group
Patients who will perform clean intermittent catheterization will receive training through an artificial intelligence-supported educational video (intervention group 2).
Other: Artifial intellgience
Patients who will perform clean intermittent catheterization will receive training through an artificial intelligence-supported educational video (intervention group 2)
No Intervention: Control group
Patients in the control group will be trained using the routine brochure provided in the outpatient clinic.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Adherence
Time Frame: 6 months
The Intermittent Catheterization Adherence Scale was developed by Amandine Guinet-Lacoste and colleagues in 2018, and its Turkish adaptation and reliability study were conducted by Duman in 2021. The first seven items of the scale (except the fifth item) are scored as "Yes = 1" and "No = 0," while the fifth item is scored in reverse: "Yes = 0" and "No = 1." The eighth item uses a 5-point Likert scale, scored as "Never = 0," "Sometimes = 0.25," "Often = 0.50," "Most of the time = 0.75," and "Always = 1." The total score of the scale is calculated out of 8, with the resulting scores reflecting patients' adherence to catheterization. Accordingly, a score of 0 indicates "high adherence," 1-2 points indicate "moderate adherence," and 3-8 points indicate "low adherence." The Cronbach's alpha coefficient, indicating internal consistency of the scale, is 0.73.
6 months
Self-Confidence
Time Frame: 6 months
This scale was developed by Biaziolo and colleagues in 2017. The Turkish adaptation, validity, and reliability study was conducted by Çulha and Acaroğlu in 2020. The scale, which has a five-point Likert-type structure, consists of short statements that assess the steps of catheterization and the individual's self-confidence in performing this procedure. The response options are as follows: 1 = Not confident, 2 = Slightly confident, 3 = Confident, 4 = Very confident, 5 = Completely confident. The scale consists of a total of 16 items. The total score is calculated by summing the numerical values of the responses to all items, and the total score ranges from 0 to 64. Higher scores indicate a higher level of self-confidence in performing catheterization. The internal consistency of the scale was found to be quite high, with a total Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89.
6 months

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Mersin University

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Gamze Bozkul, Tarsus University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

  • Bobian, M., Kandinov, A., El Kashlan, N., Svider, P. F., Folbe, A. J., Mayerhoff, R., Eloy, J. A., & Raza, S. N. (2017). Mobile applications and patient education: Are currently available GERD mobile apps sufficient? The Laryngoscope, 127(8), 1775-1779. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.26341
  • Cerantola, Y., Valerio, M., Persson, B., Jichlinski, P., Ljungqvist, O., Hubner, M., Kassouf, W., Müller, S., Baldini, G., Carli, F., Næsheimh, T., Ytrebø, L., Revhaug, A., Lassen, K., Knutsen, T., Aarsether, E., Wiklund, P., & Patel, H. R. (2013). Guidelines for perioperative care after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) society recommendations. Clinical Nutrition, 32(6), 879-887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2013.09.014
  • Bhuyan, S. S., Sateesh, V., Mukul, N., Galvankar, A., Mahmood, A., Nauman, M., Rai, A., Bordoloi, K., Basu, U., & Samuel, J. (2025). Generative Artificial Intelligence Use in Healthcare: Opportunities for Clinical Excellence and Administrative Efficiency. Journal of Medical Systems, 49(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-024-02136-1
  • Hernández-Rodríguez, J. C., García-Muñoz, C., Ortiz-Álvarez, J., Saigí-Rubió, F., Conejo-Mir, J., & Pereyra-Rodriguez, J. J. (2022). Dropout Rate in Digital Health Interventions for the Prevention of Skin Cancer: Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Metaregression. Journal of medical Internet research, 24(12), e42397. https://doi.org/10.2196/42397
  • Alasker, A., Alsalamah, S., Alshathri, N., Almansour, N., Alsalamah, F., Alghafees, M., AlKhamees, M., & Alsaikhan, B. (2024). Performance of large language models (LLMs) in providing prostate cancer information. BMC Urology, 24(1), 177. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-024-01570-0

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
April 1, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
December 15, 2026

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
April 1, 2027

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
March 19, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 19, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
March 24, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
March 24, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 19, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
March 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • MU-002

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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