Efficacy and Safety of Concentration-controlled Everolimus to Eliminate or to Reduce Tacrolimus Compared to Tacrolimus in de Novo Liver Transplant Recipients (RAD)

A 24 Month, Multicenter, Open-label, Randomized, Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Concentration-controlled Everolimus to Eliminate or to Reduce Tacrolimus Compared to Tacrolimus in de Novo Liver Transplant Recipients

This trial was designed to address important issues that impact recipients of liver allografts as well as clinicians, ie, renal function, reduction or discontinuation of tacrolimus early post-transplantation, and progression rate of fibrosis in hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive patients.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Liver Transplantation
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Tacrolimus (reduced tacrolimus); Drug: Everolimus (reduced tacrolimus); Drug: Corticosteroids; Drug: Tacrolimus (tacrolimus elimination); Drug: Everolimus (tacrolimus elimination); Drug: Tacrolimus (tacrolimus control)

Detailed Description

This 24-month study consisted of a screening period, a baseline period (3 to 7 days post-transplantation) followed by a run-in period that ended on the day of randomization at 30 days (± 5 days) post-transplantation. Patients were screened for eligibility prior to liver transplantation. Patients who had undergone successful liver transplantation were initiated on a tacrolimus-based regimen that included corticosteroids and entered the baseline period (between 3 and 7 days post-transplantation). At 30 (± 5) days post-transplantation, patients who met additional randomization inclusion/exclusion criteria were randomized into the study.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 719
• Phase: Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Argentina
  • Buenos Aires, Argentina, W3400ABH
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Buenos Aires, Argentina, C1118AAT
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Buenos Aires, Argentina, C1181ACH
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Buenos Aires
    • San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina, C1107BEA
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Santa Fe
    • Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina, C2000DSR
      • Novartis Investigative Site
• Australia
  • New South Wales
    • Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia, 2050
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • South Australia
    • Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, 5042
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Victoria
    • Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia, 3084
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Western Australia
    • Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, 6009
      • Novartis Investigative Site
• Belgium
  • Gent, Belgium, 9000
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Leuven, Belgium, 3000
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Liege, Belgium, 4000
    • Novartis Investigative Site
• Brazil
  • RJ
    • Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21041-030
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • RS
    • Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90020-090
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • SC
    • Blumenau, SC, Brazil, 89010-500
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • SP
    • Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil, 14048-900
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 01323-900
      • Novartis Investigative Site
• Canada
  • Alberta
    • Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2B7
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • British Columbia
    • Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1M9
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Ontario
    • London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5A5
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2C4
      • Novartis Investigative Site
• Colombia
  • Bogotá, Colombia
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Cali, Colombia
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Medellín, Colombia
    • Novartis Investigative Site
• Czech Republic
  • Praha 4, Czech Republic, 140 21
    • Novartis Investigative Site
• France
  • Bordeaux Cedex, France, 33076
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Clichy, France, 92110
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Creteil, France, 94010
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Lille, France, 59000
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Marseille, France, 13385
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Montpellier, France, 34295
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Villejuif, France, 94805
    • Novartis Investigative Site
• Germany
  • Berlin, Germany, 13353
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Essen, Germany, 45147
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Hamburg, Germany, 20246
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Heidelberg, Germany, 69120
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Jena, Germany, 07740
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Leipzig, Germany, 04103
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Mainz, Germany, 55131
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Regensburg, Germany, 93053
    • Novartis Investigative Site
• Hungary
  • Budapest, Hungary, 1082
    • Novartis Investigative Site
• Ireland
  • Dublin 4, Ireland
    • Novartis Investigative Site
• Israel
  • Jerusalem, Israel, 91120
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Tel-Aviv, Israel, 64239
    • Novartis Investigative Site
• Italy
  • Pisa, Italy, 56124
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • MI
    • Milano, MI, Italy, 20162
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • MO
    • Modena, MO, Italy, 41100
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • RM
    • Roma, RM, Italy, 00161
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • TO
    • Torino, TO, Italy, 10126
      • Novartis Investigative Site
• Netherlands
  • Rotterdam, Netherlands, 3015 CE
    • Novartis Investigative Site
• Russian Federation
  • Moscow, Russian Federation, 123182
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Moscow, Russian Federation, 129010
    • Novartis Investigative Site
• Spain
  • Madrid, Spain, 28007
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Cataluña
    • Barcelona, Cataluña, Spain, 08035
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Barcelona, Cataluña, Spain, 08036
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Hospitalet de Llobregat, Cataluña, Spain, 08907
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Comunidad Valenciana
    • Valencia, Comunidad Valenciana, Spain, 46026
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Madrid
    • Majadanonda, Madrid, Spain, 28222
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Navarra
    • Pamplona, Navarra, Spain, 31002
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • País Vasco
    • Baracaldo, País Vasco, Spain, 48903
      • Novartis Investigative Site
• Sweden
  • Stockholm, Sweden, 141 86
    • Novartis Investigative Site
• United Kingdom
  • Edinburgh, United Kingdom, ED16 4SA
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • London, United Kingdom, SE5 9RS
    • Novartis Investigative Site
• United States
  • California
    • Los Angeles, California, United States, 90048
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Los Angeles, California, United States, 90033
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Los Angeles, California, United States, 90095
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • San Francisco, California, United States, 94143
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Colorado
    • Aurora, Colorado, United States, 80045
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • District of Columbia
    • Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20007-2197
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Florida
    • Tampa, Florida, United States, 33606
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Georgia
    • Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30309
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Illinois
    • Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60637
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Kentucky
    • Lexington, Kentucky, United States, 40536-0293
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Michigan
    • Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48202-2689
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Minnesota
    • Rochester, Minnesota, United States, 55905
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Missouri
    • St. Louis, Missouri, United States, 63110
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • New Jersey
    • Newark, New Jersey, United States, 07101
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • New York
    • New York, New York, United States, 10016
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • New York, New York, United States, 10032
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • North Carolina
    • Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Durham, North Carolina, United States, 27710
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Ohio
    • Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44195
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Oklahoma
    • Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States, 73112
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Oregon
    • Portland, Oregon, United States, 97201-3098
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Pennsylvania
    • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19107
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • South Carolina
    • Charleston, South Carolina, United States, 29425
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Tennessee
    • Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Texas
    • Dallas, Texas, United States, 75246
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Dallas, Texas, United States, 75208-2312
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Houston, Texas, United States, 77030
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Houston, Texas, United States, 77030-2400
      • Novartis Investigative Site

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 70 years (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Ability and willingness to provide written informed consent and adhere to study regimen.
• Recipients who are 18-70 years of age of a primary liver transplant from a deceased donor.
• Recipients who have been initiated on an immunosuppressive regimen that contains corticosteroids and tacrolimus, 3-7 days post-transplantation.
• Confirmed recipient hepatitis C virus (HCV) status at Screening (either by antibody or by PCR (polymerase chain reaction).
• Allograft is functioning at an acceptable level by the time of randomization as defined by protocol specific laboratory values.
• Abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease estimated glomerular filtration rate (MDRD eGFR) ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73m2. Results obtained within 5 days prior to randomization are acceptable, however, no sooner than Day 25 post-transplantation.
• Verification of at least 1 tacrolimus trough level of ≥ 8 ng/mL in the week prior to randomization. Investigators should make adjustments in tacrolimus dosing to continue to target trough levels above 8 ng/mL prior to randomization.

Exclusion Criteria

• Patients who are recipients of multiple solid organ or islet cell tissue transplants, or have previously received an organ or tissue transplant. Patients who have a combined liver-kidney transplant.
• Recipients of a liver from a living donor, or of a split liver.
• History of malignancy of any organ system within the past 5 years whether or not there is evidence of local recurrence or metastases, other than non-metastatic basal or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, or HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) (see next criteria).
• Hepatocellular carcinoma that does not fulfill Milan criteria (1 nodule ≤ 5 cm, 2-3 nodules all < 3 cm) at the time of transplantation as per explant histology of the recipient liver.
• Any use of antibody induction therapy.
• Patients with a known hypersensitivity to the drugs used on study or their class, or to any of the excipients.
• Patients who are recipients of ABO incompatible transplant grafts.
• Recipients of organs from donors who test positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen or HIV are excluded.
• Patients who have any surgical or medical condition, which in the opinion of the investigator, might significantly alter the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of study drug.
• Women of child-bearing potential (WOCBP).
• Patients with any history of coagulopathy or medical condition requiring long-term anticoagulation which would preclude liver biopsy after transplantation. (Low dose aspirin treatment or interruption of chronic anticoagulant is allowed).

Other protocol-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria may apply.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: NONE

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: Everolimus + reduced tacrolimus; Low dose tacrolimus (tacrolimus reduced) + everolimus + corticosteroids.	Drug: Tacrolimus (reduced tacrolimus); After everolimus whole blood trough levels were confirmed to be in the target range of 3-8 ng/mL, tacrolimus tapering began, achieving a target tacrolimus whole blood trough level of 3-5 ng/mL by 3 weeks after randomization, a level which was maintained for the duration of the study.; Other Names: Prograf; Protopic; FK-506; Advagraf; fujimycin; Drug: Everolimus (reduced tacrolimus); Everolimus was started within 24 hours of randomization at a dose of 1.0 mg twice a day (bid, 2 mg daily dose). The dose was adjusted to maintain everolimus trough blood levels between 3-8 ng/mL for the duration of the study.; Other Names: Afinitor; Certican; Zortress; RAD-001; Drug: Corticosteroids; For patients in all groups, corticosteroids were initiated at or prior to the time of transplantation according to local practice. Corticosteroids could be used for the duration of the study but could not be eliminated before Month 6.
EXPERIMENTAL: Tacrolimus elimination; Low-dose tacrolimus (until Month 4, then tacrolimus eliminated) + everolimus + corticosteroids.	Drug: Corticosteroids; For patients in all groups, corticosteroids were initiated at or prior to the time of transplantation according to local practice. Corticosteroids could be used for the duration of the study but could not be eliminated before Month 6.; Drug: Tacrolimus (tacrolimus elimination); After everolimus whole blood trough levels were confirmed to be in the target range of 3-8 ng/mL, tacrolimus tapering began, achieving a target tacrolimus whole blood trough level of 3-5 ng/mL by 3 weeks after randomization. Tacrolimus elimination was started beginning at Month 4. Tacrolimus was tapered after everolimus whole blood trough levels were within the target range of 6-10 ng/mL. Tacrolimus was completely eliminated by the end of Month 4.; Other Names: Prograf; Protopic; FK-506; Advagraf; fujimycin; Drug: Everolimus (tacrolimus elimination); Everolimus was started within 24 hours of randomization at a dose of 1.0 mg twice a day (bid, 2 mg daily dose). The dose was adjusted to maintain everolimus trough blood levels between 3-8 ng/mL until Month 4; beginning with Month 4, the dose was adjusted to maintain everolimus trough blood levels between 6-10 ng/mL.; Other Names: Afinitor; Certican; Zortress; RAD-001
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR: Tacrolimus control; Control dose tacrolimus + corticosteroids.	Drug: Corticosteroids; For patients in all groups, corticosteroids were initiated at or prior to the time of transplantation according to local practice. Corticosteroids could be used for the duration of the study but could not be eliminated before Month 6.; Drug: Tacrolimus (tacrolimus control); Tacrolimus trough levels were targeted to be maintained at 8-12 ng/mL until Month 4. At Month 4, tacrolimus whole blood trough levels were decreased to a target trough level of 6-10 ng/mL for the remainder of the study.; Other Names: Prograf; Protopic; FK-506; Advagraf; fujimycin

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Incidence Rate of Composite Efficacy Failure From Randomization to Month 12	Composite efficacy failure was defined as treated biopsy proven acute rejection (tBPAR), graft loss, or death. A BPAR was defined as an acute rejection confirmed by biopsy with a Rejection Activity Index (RAI) score ≥ 3. tBPAR was defined as a BPAR which was treated with anti-rejection therapy. The RAI is used to score liver biopsies with acute rejection and is composed of 3 categories (portal inflammation, bile duct inflammation damage, venous endothelial inflammation) each scored on a scale of 0 (absent) to 3 (severe) by a trained pathologist. The total RAI score = the sum of the scores of the 3 categories and ranges from 0 to 9, with a higher score indicating greater rejection. The graft was presumed to be lost on the day the patient was newly listed for a liver graft, they received a graft re-transplant, or they died. The incidence rates of composite efficacy failure were estimated with a Kaplan-Meier product-limit formula.	Randomization to Month 12

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Incidence Rate of Composite Efficacy Failure From Randomization to Month 24	Composite efficacy failure was defined as treated biopsy proven acute rejection (tBPAR), graft loss, or death. The incidence rates of composite efficacy failure were estimated with a Kaplan-Meier product-limit formula.	Randomization to Month 24
Incidence Rate of Treated Biopsy Proven Acute Rejection (tBPAR) at Months 12 and 24	tBPAR was defined as an acute rejection confirmed by biopsy with a Rejection Activity Index (RAI) score ≥ 3, which was treated with anti-rejection therapy. Liver biopsies were collected for all cases of suspected acute rejection preferably within 24 hours, at the latest within 48 hours, whenever clinically possible. The RAI is used to score liver biopsies with acute rejection and is composed of 3 categories (portal inflammation, bile duct inflammation damage, venous endothelial inflammation) each scored on a scale of 0 (absent) to 3 (severe) by a trained pathologist. The total RAI score = the sum of the scores of the 3 categories and ranges from 0 to 9, with a higher score indicating greater rejection. The graft was presumed to be lost on the day the patient was newly listed for a liver graft, they received a graft re-transplant, or they died. The incidence rates of tBPAR were estimated with a Kaplan-Meier product-limit formula.	Randomization to Month 24
Change in Renal Function From Randomization to Months 12 and 24	Change in renal function was assessed by the estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) using the abbreviated (4 variables) Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD-4) formula which was developed by the MDRD Study Group and has been validated in patients with chronic kidney disease. The MDRD-4 formula used for the eGFR calculation is: eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2) = 186.3*(C^-1.154)*(A^-0.203)*G*R, where C is the serum concentration of creatinine (mg/dL), A is age (years), G=0.742 when gender is female, otherwise G=1, R=1.21 when race is black, otherwise R=1. The changes in renal function were analyzed via analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with treatment, pre-transplant hepatitis C virus status and randomization eGFR as covariates. Based on these ANCOVA analyses, the least-squares mean and standard errors of change were reported.	Randomization to Month 24

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Novartis Pharmaceuticals

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Charlton M, Rinella M, Patel D, McCague K, Heimbach J, Watt K. Everolimus Is Associated With Less Weight Gain Than Tacrolimus 2 Years After Liver Transplantation: Results of a Randomized Multicenter Study. Transplantation. 2017 Dec;101(12):2873-2882. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000001913.
• Fischer L, Saliba F, Kaiser GM, De Carlis L, Metselaar HJ, De Simone P, Duvoux C, Nevens F, Fung JJ, Dong G, Rauer B, Junge G; H2304 Study Group. Three-year Outcomes in De Novo Liver Transplant Patients Receiving Everolimus With Reduced Tacrolimus: Follow-Up Results From a Randomized, Multicenter Study. Transplantation. 2015 Jul;99(7):1455-62. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000000555.
• Saliba F, De Simone P, Nevens F, De Carlis L, Metselaar HJ, Beckebaum S, Jonas S, Sudan D, Fischer L, Duvoux C, Chavin KD, Koneru B, Huang MA, Chapman WC, Foltys D, Dong G, Lopez PM, Fung J, Junge G; H2304 Study Group. Renal function at two years in liver transplant patients receiving everolimus: results of a randomized, multicenter study. Am J Transplant. 2013 Jul;13(7):1734-45. doi: 10.1111/ajt.12280. Epub 2013 May 28.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: January 1, 2008
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): April 1, 2012
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): April 1, 2012

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 13, 2008
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 22, 2008
• First Posted (ESTIMATE): February 25, 2008

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ESTIMATE): May 27, 2013
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 17, 2013
• Last Verified: May 1, 2013

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Liver transplantation; everolimus; renal function; tacrolimus; calcineurin inhibitors; MDRD formula; progression of fibrosis
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Physiological Effects of Drugs; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Enzyme Inhibitors; Antineoplastic Agents; Immunosuppressive Agents; Immunologic Factors; Calcineurin Inhibitors; Tacrolimus; Everolimus
• Other Study ID Numbers: CRAD001H2304; 2007-001821-85 (EUDRACT_NUMBER)