A Study for Improving the Outcome of Childhood Acute Promyeloid Leukemia

A Multicenter and Randomized Prospective Study for Improving the Outcome of Childhood Acute Promyeloid Leukemia

Outcome of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has greatly improved since the introduction of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Treatment with ATRA and anthracycline-based chemotherapy (ATRA + chemotherapy) decreases relapses of the disease as well as early hemorrhagic deaths. Nowadays patients with APL have an event-free survival (EFS) of up to 80%. However, there remains a subset of the patients in whom the disease relapses. Recently, a randomized prospective study showed that the addition of ATO to "ATRA + chemotherapy" treatment protocol had a significantly higher EFS in patients with APL than those treated with "ATRA + chemotherapy" protocol. The patients treated with "ATO + ATRA + chemotherapy" had a five years EFS of 89.2%. Moreover, a recent study showed that Indigo naturalis formula (RIF), a traditional Chinese medicine with tetraarsenic tetrasulfide (As4S4), indirubin, and tanshinone IIA as major active ingredients, yielded synergy in the treatment of a murine APL model in vivo and in the induction of APL cell differentiation in vitro . It is about 20 years since RIF was used to treat ALP in China. Clinical studies showed that this agent was effective against APL. Compared to ATO, RIF is relatively inexpensive and can be taken orally, resulting in reducing the number of hospital days and the treatment cost. However, there is no report comparing treatment outcomes of "ATO + ATRA + chemotherapy" and "RIF + ATRA + chemotherapy" protocols in children with APL so far. For this purpose, therefore, investigators are going to conduct a multicenter and randomized prospective study in children with APL.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Childhood Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: ATO; Drug: ATRA; Drug: mitoxantrone; Drug: Ara-C; Drug: MTX; Drug: 6MP; Other: intrathecal injection; Drug: RIF

Detailed Description

OBJECTIVES:

• Determine the safety and efficacy of "ATO/RIF + ATRA + less intensive chemotherapy" protocol in children with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).
• Compare the safety，efficacy and treatment cost of "RIF + ATRA + less intensive chemotherapy" with "ATO + ATRA + less intensive chemotherapy" protocol in children with APL. Determine if ATO can be substituted by RIF.

OUTLINE: This is a multicenter and randomized prospective study.

PROJECTED ACCRUAL: A total of 162 patients will be accrued for this study.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 176
• Phase: Phase 4

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• China
  • Guangdong
    • Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510080
      • The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: No older than 14 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients less than 16 years old with newly diagnosed PML-RARa positive acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients who have coma, convulsion or paralysis due to intracranial hemorrhage or central nervous system leukemia at diagnosis.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: ATO and chemotherapy; Induction: ATRA 25mg/m2 d1-CR ≯42 days; ATO 0.16mg/kg d5-CR ≯42 days; mitoxantrone (MA) 10mg/m2 d3, or 7mg/m2 d2-4 (high risk). Consolidation 1: ATRA 25mg/m2 d1-15; MA 10mg/m2 d1-2; Intrathecal injection (IT)：Ara-C 15mg (age < 1 year), or 20 mg (1-3 years), or 30 mg ( > 3 years), dexamethasone 2mg. Consolidation 2: ATRA 25mg/m2 d1-15; ATO 0.16mg/kg d1-15; Ara-C 1g/m2 q12h d1-2 (high risk); IT. Consolidation 3: ATRA 25mg/m2 d1-15; ATO 0.16mg/kg d1-15; MA 10mg/m2 d1; Ara-C 1g/m2 q12h d1-2 (high risk); IT. Maintenance: ① ATO 0.16mg/kg.d w1-2; ATRA 25mg/m2.d w1-2; MTX 20mg/m2 qw w3-12; 6MP 50mg/m2 qn w3-12. ② ATRA 25mg/m2.d w1-2; MTX 20mg/m2 qw w3-12; 6MP 50mg/m2 qn w3-12. Rotation between ① and ② until the end of maintenance.	Drug: ATO; Given IV; Other Names: As2O3; arsenic trioxide; Drug: ATRA; Given orally; Other Names: all-trans retinoic acid; Drug: mitoxantrone; Given IV; Other Names: novantrone; Drug: Ara-C; Given IV; Other Names: cytosine arabinoside; cytarabine; Drug: MTX; Given orally; Other Names: methotrexate; Drug: 6MP; Given orally; Other Names: mercaptopurine; Other: intrathecal injection; Ara-C and dexamethasone; Other Names: IT
Experimental: RIF and chemotherapy; Induction: ATRA 25mg/m2 d1-CR ≯42 days; RIF 0.135/kg d5-CR ≯42 days; mitoxantrone (MA) 10mg/m2 d3, or 7mg/m2 d2-4 (high risk). Consolidation 1: ATRA 25mg/m2 d1-15; MA 10mg/m2 d1-2; Intrathecal injection (IT)：Ara-C 15mg (age < 1 year), or 20mg (age 1-3 years), or 30mg (age > 3 years), dexamethasone 2mg. Consolidation 2: ATRA 25mg/m2 d1-15; RIF 0.135/kg d1-15; Ara-C 1g/m2 q12h d1-2 (high risk); IT. Consolidation 3: ATRA 25mg/m2 d1-15; RIF 0.135/kg d1-15; MA 10mg/m2 d1; Ara-C 1g/m2 q12h d1-2 (high risk); IT. Maintenance: ① RIF 0.135/kg.d w1-2; ATRA 25mg/m2.d w1-2; MTX 20mg/m2 qw w3-12; 6MP 50mg/m2 qn w3-12. ② ATRA 25mg/m2.d w1-2; MTX 20mg/m2 qw w3-12; 6MP 50mg/m2 qn w3-12. Rotation between ① and ② until the end of maintenance treatment.	Drug: ATRA; Given orally; Other Names: all-trans retinoic acid; Drug: mitoxantrone; Given IV; Other Names: novantrone; Drug: Ara-C; Given IV; Other Names: cytosine arabinoside; cytarabine; Drug: MTX; Given orally; Other Names: methotrexate; Drug: 6MP; Given orally; Other Names: mercaptopurine; Other: intrathecal injection; Ara-C and dexamethasone; Other Names: IT; Drug: RIF; Given orally; Other Names: Realgar-Indigo naturalis formula

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
event-free survival	5 years

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
hospitalization cost	The cost mainly includes the fees of hospital bed, drugs, therapies and blood products. Time frame: from the beginning of induction therapy to the end of maintenance treatment.	2 years

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: South China Children's Leukemia Group
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Xue-Qun Luo, professor, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Shen ZX, Shi ZZ, Fang J, Gu BW, Li JM, Zhu YM, Shi JY, Zheng PZ, Yan H, Liu YF, Chen Y, Shen Y, Wu W, Tang W, Waxman S, De The H, Wang ZY, Chen SJ, Chen Z. All-trans retinoic acid/As2O3 combination yields a high quality remission and survival in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 13;101(15):5328-35. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0400053101. Epub 2004 Mar 24.
• Hu J, Liu YF, Wu CF, Xu F, Shen ZX, Zhu YM, Li JM, Tang W, Zhao WL, Wu W, Sun HP, Chen QS, Chen B, Zhou GB, Zelent A, Waxman S, Wang ZY, Chen SJ, Chen Z. Long-term efficacy and safety of all-trans retinoic acid/arsenic trioxide-based therapy in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Mar 3;106(9):3342-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0813280106. Epub 2009 Feb 18.
• Wang L, Zhou GB, Liu P, Song JH, Liang Y, Yan XJ, Xu F, Wang BS, Mao JH, Shen ZX, Chen SJ, Chen Z. Dissection of mechanisms of Chinese medicinal formula Realgar-Indigo naturalis as an effective treatment for promyelocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Mar 25;105(12):4826-31. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0712365105. Epub 2008 Mar 14.
• Xiang Y, Wang XB, Sun SJ, Guo AX, Wei AH, Cheng YB, Huang SL. [Compound huangdai tablet as induction therapy for 193 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia]. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2009 Jul;30(7):440-2. Chinese.
• Luo XQ, Ke ZY, Huang LB, Guan XQ, Zhang YC, Zhang XL. Improved outcome for Chinese children with acute promyelocytic leukemia: a comparison of two protocols. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009 Sep;53(3):325-8. doi: 10.1002/pbc.22042.
• Liao LH, Chen YQ, Huang DP, Wang LN, Ye ZL, Yang LH, Mai HR, Li Y, Liang C, Luo JS, Wang LN, Luo XQ, Tang YL, Zhang XL, Huang LB. The comparison of plasma arsenic concentration and urinary arsenic excretion during treatment with Realgar-Indigo naturalis formula and arsenic trioxide in children with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2022 Jul;90(1):45-52. doi: 10.1007/s00280-022-04449-9. Epub 2022 Jun 27.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: September 1, 2011
• Primary Completion (Actual): October 1, 2021
• Study Completion (Actual): October 1, 2021

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 8, 2014
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 23, 2014
• First Posted (Estimate): July 25, 2014

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 10, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 7, 2022
• Last Verified: May 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Neoplasms by Histologic Type; Neoplasms; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukemia; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Anti-Infective Agents; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Antiviral Agents; Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; Enzyme Inhibitors; Analgesics; Sensory System Agents; Antirheumatic Agents; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Antimetabolites; Antineoplastic Agents; Immunosuppressive Agents; Immunologic Factors; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; Topoisomerase Inhibitors; Dermatologic Agents; Keratolytic Agents; Reproductive Control Agents; Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal; Abortifacient Agents; Folic Acid Antagonists; Arsenic Trioxide; Cytarabine; Methotrexate; Mitoxantrone; Mercaptopurine; Tretinoin
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2010001