- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT02396407
Spillover Effects of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions on Child Health
Study Overview
Status
Conditions
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
Almost 90% of diarrhea cases and 15% of under-5 diarrhea deaths worldwide could be prevented through improved water, sanitation, and hygiene. Sanitation interventions are also important for the prevention of soil-transmitted helminths, which infect 21 million children under five each year. Infection with soil-transmitted helminths and repeated episodes of diarrhea early in life can compromise physical and cognitive growth and development, resulting in poorer school performance later in life. Thus, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions are important not only for reducing child mortality, but also for preventing cycles of poverty and poor health.
It is possible that WASH interventions affect not only those who receive them but also those who are geographically proximate or connected socially to those receiving the intervention. Indeed, there is a large infectious disease modeling literature based on this premise. Investigators define intervention effects on non-recipients "spillovers", and they are often referred to as "herd effects" or "indirect effects". Most studies that have empirically measured spillovers of child health interventions with an experimental design have focused on vaccines and deworming, and no studies have measured spillovers from WASH interventions. The development and application of methodology for measuring spillovers of community interventions empirically would make a valuable contribution to fields including epidemiology, economics, political science, and social welfare, all of which are concerned with measuring the impact of programs and interventions which may spill over. The presence and magnitude of positive spillovers are important; if spillovers are present and are in the same direction as treatment effects but are not accounted for when estimating treatment effects, estimates will be biased towards the null. As a result, both the efficacy and cost effectiveness of the intervention will be underestimated.
In this study, investigators will measure spillovers of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in an existing, large, rigorously designed trial: the WASH Benefits trial (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01590095). Funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, this trial aims to measure the individual and combined effects of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions on child health and development. It is a cluster-randomized, controlled trial with six treatment arms and a double-sized control arm carried out in rural Bangladesh. This add-on study is funded by the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (1R21HD076216-01A1). Investigators hypothesize that children who live in close proximity to compounds that receive a combined sanitation, handwashing, and water treatment intervention--compared to children who live in close proximity to control compounds (no intervention)--will have: 1) lower prevalence of diarrhea, 2) lower prevalence and intensity of infection of soil transmitted helminths, and 3) lower prevalence of respiratory illness.
Investigators will collect additional data from the existing combined intervention (sanitation+handwashing+water) and control arms of the WASH Benefits trial. For each WASH Benefits household, investigators will locate the nearest household with children 0-59 months of age that are not enrolled in WASH Benefits and collect data in that household. Our primary outcomes are soil transmitted helminth infection among children 0-59 months, caregiver-reported 7-day diarrhea, and respiratory illness among children 0-59 months (the same age as the WASH Benefits cohort). Our findings will document either the presence or absence of spillovers of the combined sanitation+handwashing+water intervention.
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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Dhaka, Bangladesh
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Children not enrolled in WASH Benefits who live in a compound within 120 steps (2 minutes walking time) of a compound enrolled in WASH Benefits (combined WSH or control arms) and are 0-60 months 24 months after intervention
Exclusion Criteria:
- Children enrolled in WASH Benefits
- Children who live in compounds (baris) that share a courtyard with a compound enrolled in the WASH Benefits study
- Children who live in compounds (baris) that share a latrine or handwashing station with a compound enrolled in the WASH Benefits study
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Prevention
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
- Masking: Single
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
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Active Comparator: Combined water, sanitation, and hygiene
Water quality, Sanitation, Handwashing
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Water: Free chlorine tablets (Aquatabs; NaDCC) and safe storage vessel to treat and store drinking water. Sanitation: Free child potties, sani-scoop hoes to remove feces from household, and latrine upgrades to a dual pit latrine for all households in study compounds. Handwashing: Handwashing stations including soapy water bottles and detergent soap. Local promoters visit study compounds at least monthly to deliver behavior change messages that focus on (1) treating drinking water for children < 36 months of age, (2) use of latrines for defecation and the removal of human and animal feces from the compound, and (3) handwashing with soap at critical times around food preparation, defecation, and contact with feces. |
No Intervention: Non-intervention arm
None.
Households will continue their usual practices.
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What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris)
Time Frame: Measured approximately 24 months after intervention
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Children's stool will be collected.
Kato-Katz will be used to detect Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris ova in stool.
Stool samples with any ova will be considered positive.
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Measured approximately 24 months after intervention
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Intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections (Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris)
Time Frame: Measured approximately 24 months after intervention
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Children's stool will be collected.
Kato-Katz will be used to detect Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris ova in stool.
Intensity will be measured using WHO cutoffs based on the number of eggs per gram of stool (>=5,000 eggs/gram for Ascaris, >=1,000 eggs/gram for hookworm, and >=2,000 eggs/gram for Trichuris).
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Measured approximately 24 months after intervention
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Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Diarrhea prevalence
Time Frame: Measured approximately 24 months after intervention
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Diarrhea is defined as 3+ loose or watery stools in 24 hours or 1+ stools with blood in 24 hours.
Diarrhea will be measured in interviews using caregiver-reported symptoms with 2-day and 7-day recall, measured 24 months after intervention.
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Measured approximately 24 months after intervention
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Respiratory illness prevalence
Time Frame: Measured approximately 24 months after intervention
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Respiratory illness is defined as a persistent cough or difficulty breathing in the 7 days before the interview.
Respiratory illness will be measured in interviews using caregiver-reported symptoms with 2-day and 7-day recall, measured 24 months after intervention.
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Measured approximately 24 months after intervention
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Collaborators and Investigators
Collaborators
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: John M Colford, Jr., MD PhD, University of California, Berkeley
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Arnold BF, Null C, Luby SP, Unicomb L, Stewart CP, Dewey KG, Ahmed T, Ashraf S, Christensen G, Clasen T, Dentz HN, Fernald LC, Haque R, Hubbard AE, Kariger P, Leontsini E, Lin A, Njenga SM, Pickering AJ, Ram PK, Tofail F, Winch PJ, Colford JM Jr. Cluster-randomised controlled trials of individual and combined water, sanitation, hygiene and nutritional interventions in rural Bangladesh and Kenya: the WASH Benefits study design and rationale. BMJ Open. 2013 Aug 30;3(8):e003476. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003476.
- Lin A, Arnold BF, Afreen S, Goto R, Huda TMN, Haque R, Raqib R, Unicomb L, Ahmed T, Colford JM, Luby SP. Household environmental conditions are associated with enteropathy and impaired growth in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013 Jul;89(1):130-137. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0629. Epub 2013 Apr 29.
- Sultana R, Mondal UK, Rimi NA, Unicomb L, Winch PJ, Nahar N, Luby SP. An improved tool for household faeces management in rural Bangladeshi communities. Trop Med Int Health. 2013 Jul;18(7):854-60. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12103. Epub 2013 Apr 5.
- Hulland KR, Leontsini E, Dreibelbis R, Unicomb L, Afroz A, Dutta NC, Nizame FA, Luby SP, Ram PK, Winch PJ. Designing a handwashing station for infrastructure-restricted communities in Bangladesh using the integrated behavioural model for water, sanitation and hygiene interventions (IBM-WASH). BMC Public Health. 2013 Sep 23;13:877. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-877.
- Dreibelbis R, Winch PJ, Leontsini E, Hulland KR, Ram PK, Unicomb L, Luby SP. The Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: a systematic review of behavioural models and a framework for designing and evaluating behaviour change interventions in infrastructure-restricted settings. BMC Public Health. 2013 Oct 26;13:1015. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1015.
- Vujcic J, Ram PK, Hussain F, Unicomb L, Gope PS, Abedin J, Mahmud ZH, Islam MS, Luby SP. Toys and toilets: cross-sectional study using children's toys to evaluate environmental faecal contamination in rural Bangladeshi households with different sanitation facilities and practices. Trop Med Int Health. 2014 May;19(5):528-36. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12292. Epub 2014 Mar 19.
- Ercumen A, Naser AM, Unicomb L, Arnold BF, Colford JM Jr, Luby SP. Effects of source- versus household contamination of tubewell water on child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 27;10(3):e0121907. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121907. eCollection 2015.
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start
Primary Completion (Actual)
Study Completion (Actual)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Estimate)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Estimate)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Keywords
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- 1R21HD076216-01A1 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)
This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.
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