Suvorexant and Trauma Related Insomnia

Problems sleeping are common after exposure to highly threatening experiences and can occur with and without a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Established treatments for PTSD are limited for addressing insomnia and many insomnia treatments appear to be limited in the context of PTSD. Suvorexant is FDA approved for insomnia and among approved drugs has a unique mechanism of action that may be well suited for targetting arousal at night dysregulated by trauma. The investigators will evaluate the efficacy of suvorexant for insomnia that developed in relation to trauma exposure, utilizing a placebo control, and polysomnography to identify biomarkers of response, in a six week trial.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Insomnia; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: placebo; Drug: suvorexant

Detailed Description

Disturbed sleep is one of the most common and distressing responses to exposure to severe trauma and can persist in many of those affected with and without accompanying posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Insomnia is a risk factor for many of the conditions that are prevalent in trauma-exposed populations including PTSD, depression, and physical health conditions such as obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Trauma-related insomnia (TRI) is not typically differentiated in studies characterizing insomnia and its treatment, and insomnia accompanying PTSD has been shown to be relatively refractory to the treatments that are established for PTSD. Thus treatment of TRI presents an unmet need that has implications for the large and growing groups of people exposed to trauma in terms of relieving distress and preventing further psychiatric and medical morbidity.

Most of the data on TRI comes from research on populations with PTSD. Difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep is designated as one of the heightened arousal symptoms of PTSD in the DSM. Sleep studies have suggested increased wake after sleep onset (WASO), reduced slow wave sleep (SWS) in some PTSD populations and fragmented rapid eye movement (REM) sleep when PTSD is developing, and during its more acute stages. Suvorexant is a first in class orexin antagonist and is approved by the FDA for the indication of insomnia. Orexin antagonists dampen the activity of a specific arousal enhancing system in the brain during sleep. In rodent models suvorexant has been shown to enhance, and in healthy humans, to not affect slow wave and REM activity (in contrast with traditional hypnotics which can diminish both). Reducing arousal during sleep while reducing WASO and maintaining REM and slow wave sleep is a promising profile for the treatment of TRI. We are therefore proposing a placebo controlled evaluation to assess the efficacy of suvorexant for treating TRI with and without PTSD and its tolerability in these populations. We will include polysomnography (PSG) in order to have objective sleep outcomes and probe potential mechanisms and biomarkers predicting response. The proposed study will meet the objective below and test the following hypotheses:

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of suvorexant for participants that meet criteria for insomnia and who identify a severely threatening event (DSM criterion A trauma) as a precipitant or a factor that significantly exacerbated their sleep disturbance.

The investigators hypothesize that suvorexant will improve subjective and objective indices of sleep disturbance; specifically, our primary outcome the polysomnographic (PSG) measure of sleep efficiency will be increased in the group receiving suvorexant compared with the group receiving placebo.

The effect of suvorexant versus placebo on the secondary outcome measures of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scores and co-occurring symptoms of PTSD will also be evaluated.

Exploratory analyses will include comparison of response patterns among those with versus without significant symptoms of PTSD and relationships between increased in slow wave and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and improvement in ISI scores and PTSD symptoms.

Adverse experiences and the tolerability of suvorexant in the recruited population with TRI will also be evaluated.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 41
• Phase: Phase 4

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • District of Columbia
    • Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20060
      • Clinical Research Unit; Howard University Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 55 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Physically healthy adults age 18-55 who meet DSM-5 criteria for insomnia and Criterion A (exposure to a traumatic event) for PTSD. The index trauma must have occurred within the past 5 years and at least 3 months before enrolling, and insomnia symptoms must have started or worsened after the exposure to the index trauma

Exclusion Criteria:

• Psychiatric disorders other than insomnia, PTSD and specific phobias; including bipolar and psychotic disorders and meeting criteria for DSM-5 moderate alcohol or drug use disorders within the past year.
• Diagnosis of a sleep disorder other than insomnia including PSG findings of apnea/hypopnea or periodic limb movement indices > 10/hour;
• Medical conditions that require consistent use of medication or compromise sleep;
• History of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury or mild traumatic brain injury with ongoing post-concussive symptoms;
• Suicidal ideation with intent to act or with specific plan and intent in the past 6 months (Type 4 - 5 ideation on the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale) or a concerning history of prior suicidal behavior.
• Caffeine use exceeding 5 cups of coffee per day or its equivalent;
• Habitual bedtimes after 3 AM, habitual rise times after 10 AM, or habitual napping > 1hour/day;
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding, or expecting to conceive while in study;
• Positive urine toxicology.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Triple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: suvorexant; 10mg administered before bedtime, during the first week; if well tolerated then the dose is increased to 20 mg before bedtime.	Drug: suvorexant; First in class orexin antagonist recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of insomnia; Other Names: Belsomra
Placebo Comparator: Placebo pill; A pill without active ingredients Randomization occurs 1:1 with stratification for gender and PTSD status.	Other: placebo; Pill with inactive ingredients

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Insomnia Severity Index Score From Baseline.	A seven-item measure used to evaluate insomnia severity for the preceding two weeks. Items are scored on a 5-point scale and a total score ranging between 0 and 28 is obtained by summing the seven items, with higher scores indicating greater insomnia severity.	Baseline score minus 6 weeks or last observation (measure was also obtained at 2 and 4 weeks, the mathematical mean for the "last observation" was 5 weeks).

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Clinician Administered PTSD Scale Score	Evaluates the frequency and intensity of each of the diagnostic symptoms of PTSD including nightmares and insomnia, total score was used which is a summation of all item scores, scores range between 0 to 80 with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms.	Baseline score minus 6 weeks or last observation (measure was also obtained at 2 and 4 weeks, the mathematical mean for the "last observation" was 5 weeks).
Polysomnographically Measured Wake After Sleep Onset	Polysomnography will provide objective measures of sleep, wake after sleep onset is the amount of wake time that occurs after initially falling asleep to the final awakening for the total sleep period measured in minutes.	Baseline values minus the values at 2 weeks.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Howard University
• Collaborators: Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Mellman TA, Birku K, Sandhu I, Lavela P, Kobayashi I. Evaluation of suvorexant for trauma-related insomnia. Sleep. 2022 May 12;45(5):zsac068. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsac068. Epub 2022 Mar 18.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): May 1, 2016
• Primary Completion (Actual): April 30, 2021
• Study Completion (Actual): April 30, 2021

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 17, 2016
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 4, 2016
• First Posted (Estimate): March 10, 2016

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): February 15, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 23, 2023
• Last Verified: January 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Nervous System Diseases; Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic; Dyssomnias; Sleep Wake Disorders; Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders; Stress Disorders, Traumatic; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Neurotransmitter Agents; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Central Nervous System Depressants; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Sleep Aids, Pharmaceutical; Orexin Receptor Antagonists; Suvorexant
• Other Study ID Numbers: GHUCCTS2015-1333

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: YES
• IPD Plan Description: Reasonable requests will be accomodated via emailing the principal investigator.
• IPD Sharing Time Frame: now, for 5 years
• IPD Sharing Access Criteria: reasonable request made directly to investigator
• IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type: STUDY_PROTOCOL; SAP; ICF