Tetralogy of Fallot for Life (TOF-LIFE)

The aim is to conduct a prospective multi-centre international inception cohort study with an enrollment goal of 3,000 TOF patients and 2 year follow-up post-repair. The proposed sample size and methodology will result in statistically powerful results to allow for evidence-based change to current TOF surgical practices.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Tetralogy of Fallot; Congenital Heart Disease; Congenital Heart Defect

Detailed Description

Background: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic heart defect consisting of 7-10% of all congenital heart disease with an estimated annual global incidence rate of 38,000. It is fatal if untreated; only 50% of patients are alive at 1 year of age. Surgery has dramatically improved the survival so that >95% of repaired TOF children are alive by one year. The initial justified enthusiasm for the benefit of surgical therapy are now tempered by the findings of late sudden cardiac death secondary to right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. The original trans-ventricular/trans-annular patching repair results in significant pulmonary insufficiency which leads to RV dilation, subsequent functional tricuspid regurgitation, atrial arrhythmias, and eventual RV failure and ventricular arrhythmias. In attempt to break this cycle, an increasing number of patients are undergoing late pulmonary valve implantation.

Recognizing that the RV adapts to stress signals has led to the idea that leaving mixed residual stenosis and regurgitation may yield to an adaptive change that limits RV dilation while still allowing for adequate cardiac output. Early attempts to limit pulmonary insufficiency and RV damage involve minimal trans-annular patching or complete annulus preservation (AP). Emerging data suggest that patients with a mixed lesion have improved survival, so that 96.6% are alive at 25-years in comparison to 85-90% survival for the conventional technique.

Preliminary Data: A review of data comparing AP to TAP repair at our institution (n=185, AP repair=124, TAP=61) demonstrated that at 10-15 year follow-up those who received an AP repair had smaller RV volumes and pulmonary regurgitant jet width. They were also seen to have improved exercise capacity as measure by VO2 max tests. The AP technique also has been seen to significantly decrease the risk of reoperation in comparison to TAP, 11% and 29% respectively.

Current Problem: Although trans-ventricular VSD closure along with a TAP is known to result in increased risk of long-term morbidity and mortality, it continues to be the predominant repair strategy implemented globally according to STS/EACTS databases. Reasons for this are:

• Trans-ventricular/TAP approach is technically easier than annulus preservation, which often requires multiple pump runs
• There is a fear of leaving too much obstruction
• High quality evidence supporting one approach over the other is lacking.

Gaps in Literature

1. Most data on the impact of surgical strategy emerge from single centre experiences that are retrospective and based on small patient population. This makes the results difficult to standardize to the general TOF population.
2. Retrospective registry data published by STS and EACTS omit many crucial surgical and clinical variables that can potentially impact outcomes.
3. None of the current evidence are based on anatomically matched/adjusted patients

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 1108

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Australia
  • Victoria
    • Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3052
      • Royal Children's Hospital
• Canada
  • Ontario
    • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8
      • Hospital for Sick Children
• China
  • Beijing, China, 100037
    • Beijing Fuwai Hospital
  • Guangdong, China, 510623
    • Guangzhou Women And Children's Medical Center
  • Guangdong, China
    • Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute
  • Shanghai, China
    • Shanghai Xinhua hospital
  • Shanghai, China
    • Shanghai Children's Medical Centre
  • Sichuan
    • Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 610041
      • West China Hospital
• India
  • Mumbai, India, 400 053
    • Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital & Medical Research Institutev
  • Delhi
    • New Delhi, Delhi, India, 110025
      • Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
• Indonesia
  • Jakarta, Indonesia
    • National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita
• Japan
  • Okayama, Japan
    • Okayama University Hospital
• Korea, Republic of
  • Seoul, Korea, Republic of, 05505
    • Asan Medical Center
• Nepal
  • Kathmandu, Nepal, 977
    • Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Center
• Russian Federation
  • Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
    • Academician E.N. Meshalkin Research
• Saudi Arabia
  • Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 21499
    • King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre - Jeddah
  • Makkah
    • Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, 21589
      • King AbdulAziz University Hospital
• Ukraine
  • Kyiv, Ukraine
    • Children's Cardiac Center - Ukraine
• United States
  • Florida
    • Orlando, Florida, United States, 32827
      • Nemours Children's Hospital
  • New York
    • New York, New York, United States, 10032
      • Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child; Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

TOF patients of any age undergoing their first cardiac intervention. Please refer to the eligibility criteria for more details.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• TOF with RVOT stenosis. TOF is defined as anterio-cephalad deviation of the ventricular outlet septum with no more than 50% aortic override and a single outflow VSD.
• TOF with pulmonary atresia and confluent pulmonary arteries.
• Admitted with intent to treat (i.e. patient planned to undergo a primary or staged repair).
• Patients with coronary artery anomalies, right aortic arch, and 22q11 deletion may be included

Exclusion Criteria:

• TOF with absent pulmonary valve
• Other major cardiac anomalies such as AVSD, multiple VSDs, right atrial isomerism, and MAPCAs. In this instance, the definition of MAPCAs does not include dilated bronchial collateral arteries.
• Unbalanced ventricles precluding biventricular repair
• Major genetic abnormalities/syndromes e.g. trisomy 13,18, and 21
• Major extra cardiac anomalies e.g. diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocele, absent sternum, cerebral palsy
• Infective endocarditis as an indication for intra-cardiac repair
• Stroke in the last 30 days prior to palliation or intra-cardiac repair
• Known diagnosis of HIV or hepatitis B
• Any previous cardiac procedures
• Patient's circumstance that precludes completion of follow-up telephone call and/or obtaining information from the 2-year cardiology follow-up

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Observational Models: Cohort
• Time Perspectives: Prospective

Number of groups / cohorts

1

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
TOF participants; Tetralogy of fallot patients at any age

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
RV physiology and morphology	To determine the association between baseline morphology, surgical repair technique (various surgical strategies for VSD closure and managing the RVOT), and RV physiology and morphology at 2 years obtained from echocardiogram studies.	2 years post-repair

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of patients undergoing various palliation procedures and surgical repair strategies	To determine the pattern of palliation procedures (BT shunt, RVOT stent, or balloon dilation), surgical repair strategy (staged versus primary repair), and surgical repair technique (AP, minimal TAP, standard TAP) at participating centres.	2 years
Cardiovascular mortality rate	To determine the 30-day and 2 year cardiovascular mortality rate (for equivalent patients) after primary and staged repair.	30 days and 2 years after repair
Rate of palliation failure	To determine the rate of palliation failure following various palliation techniques	2 years
Effect of palliation procedures on cardiac morphology	To determine the possible effect of palliative procedures (BT shunts, balloon dilation, stent insertion) on cardiac morphology (growth of the infundibular chamber, the pulmonary annulus and PA branches' diameter) and subsequent repair technique.	2 years
Post-operative restrictive physiology	To determine the relationship between repair technique/strategy and prevalence of postoperative restrictive physiology as defined by the presence of antegrade flow in pulmonary artery during atrial contraction on echocardiogram.	2 years
Cardiac re-interventions	To determine the relationship between TOF repair strategy/technique on the incidence and prevalence of cardiac re-interventions (e.g. pulmonary valve implantation, RVOT stent insertion or balloon dilatation)	2 years
RV physiology and morphology following TOF pulmonary atresia repair	To determine the right ventricular morphological and physiological adaptations to severe pulmonary stenosis or regurgitation using repaired TOF pulmonary atresia as a model. For example RV/LV end diastolic and systolic diameter ratio. RV and LV wall thickness relation to outflow gradient obtained by echocardiogram studies.	2 years

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Population Health Research Institute
• Collaborators: The Hospital for Sick Children
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Glen Van Arsdell, MD, University of California, Los Angeles

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Sarris GE, Comas JV, Tobota Z, Maruszewski B. Results of reparative surgery for tetralogy of Fallot: data from the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Congenital Database. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012 Nov;42(5):766-74; discussion 774. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezs478.
• Al Habib HF, Jacobs JP, Mavroudis C, Tchervenkov CI, O'Brien SM, Mohammadi S, Jacobs ML. Contemporary patterns of management of tetralogy of Fallot: data from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010 Sep;90(3):813-9; discussion 819-20. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.03.110.
• Gatzoulis MA, Balaji S, Webber SA, Siu SC, Hokanson JS, Poile C, Rosenthal M, Nakazawa M, Moller JH, Gillette PC, Webb GD, Redington AN. Risk factors for arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a multicentre study. Lancet. 2000 Sep 16;356(9234):975-81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02714-8.
• d'Udekem Y, Galati JC, Rolley GJ, Konstantinov IE, Weintraub RG, Grigg L, Ramsay JM, Wheaton GR, Hope S, Cheung MH, Brizard CP. Low risk of pulmonary valve implantation after a policy of transatrial repair of tetralogy of Fallot delayed beyond the neonatal period: the Melbourne experience over 25 years. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Feb 18;63(6):563-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.011. Epub 2013 Oct 30.
• Pondorfer P YT, Cheung M, Ashburn D, Manlhiot C, McCrindle B, Mertens L, Grosse-Wortmann L, Redington A, Van Arsdell G. Abstract 18833: Annulus Preservation Strategy Improves Late Outcomes in Tetralogy of Fallot: An Anatomical Equivalency Study. Circulation. 2014;130:A18833.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): June 8, 2015
• Primary Completion (Actual): March 15, 2022
• Study Completion (Actual): July 1, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 4, 2016
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 15, 2016
• First Posted (Estimate): November 18, 2016

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): December 21, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 20, 2022
• Last Verified: December 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Cardiovascular Diseases; Congenital Abnormalities; Cardiovascular Abnormalities; Heart Diseases; Tetralogy of Fallot; Heart Defects, Congenital
• Other Study ID Numbers: TOF-LIFE 2.0 2015-06-11

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No