- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT03026101
Understanding the Pathophysiology of Migraine Pain
Understanding the Role of the External Carotid Artery in the Pathophysiology of Migraine Pain
Migraine is the most common headache disorder, prevalent in 18% of females and 6% of males. Emergency room visits, physician consults, hospitalizations, medications, and indirect costs such as lost work days and decreased productivity place the global economic burden of migraines at over 20 billion dollars. It is prevalent in 28 million people in the US alone. Symptoms include unilateral, throbbing, debilitating headache pain accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. Upwards of 75% of migraine patients have reduced functionability, have lost time at work, and 1/3 of patients require bed rest to manage the symptoms. The health-related impact on quality of life was comparable with that experienced by patients with congestive heart failure, hypertension, or diabetes.
While the burden of migraines on our society is clear, the pathophysiology of migraines remains largely unknown. The trigeminovascular system, including the external and internal carotid arteries and their associated sensory fibers which subserve the head have long been implicated in the pain and cutaneous allodynia experienced by migraine patients. Wolff in 1953, was the first to posit that migraine headache pain is the caused by dilation or circumferential expansion of the extracranial carotid artery. He demonstrated that migraineurs had twice the pulse amplitude in their external carotid arteries compared to control subjects and these changes were directly correlated to migraine symptoms. In a 2008 study, randomized migraineurs received nitroglycerin via peripheral IV or placebo for 20 minutes prior to obtaining magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Nitroglycerin, a potent dilator of blood vessels, reliably induced migraine-like pain in up to 80% of patients, and transient dilation of vessels of up to nearly 40%, mostly in the extracranial vessels. Sumatriptan's efficacy in migraine relief provides further evidence for this theory, as it is a selective extracranial vessel constrictor which does not cross the blood brain barrier.
The goal of this current work is to utilize the direct, real-time angiography, which provides a high resolution map of vasculature, and demonstrate changes in vessel flow in patients who have migraine headache attacks. This information may guide therapeutic interventions in the future in order to better treat these migraine patients.
Study Overview
Status
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
The goals of the current study will be to demonstrate time-linked headache pain after super-selectively administration of vasodilatory medications to external carotid artery branches, and then observe vessel changes and presumed headache relief with transient occlusion of the same vessel. This work will be the first study to attempt to correlate the onset of headache pain with selective vessel dilation as seen on angiography, which has spatial and temporal resolution far superior to MRA imaging. It will also test the effect of transient vessel occlusion in this setting for possible relief of symptoms. This novel approach to migraine evaluation could advance the understanding of the disorder and steer future research towards more effective management of migraine pain. Only patients who have failed all medical and non-invasive therapies will be considered for this study.
Subjects will be evaluated by history and physical during a clinic visit for their migraines and the 'pre-angiography' screening will be performed at that time. A thorough history of their migraine symptomatology, if they agree to participate, will be obtained via questionnaire, including: severity, location, quality, alleviating and exacerbating symptoms, medications used, associated symptoms, frequency, and degree of debilitation. This information will be collected regarding their migraines uniquely for this study. The patients will also be given a headache log with each one of these measures as a column with space in each row to describe individual migraine episodes between their first clinic visit and their angiogram date. After this clinic visit, they will be scheduled for angiography between 2 and 4 weeks for the evaluation of their migraines. Their headache logs will be collected prior to their procedures.
The main portion of this study will occur during a single angiography session and the following 5 hours post-procedure period during which the patient will be monitored closely as part of standard post-angiogram care. An anesthesiologist will be present throughout the procedure and available for medication review and administration as needed. The patients will sign a consent form at the start of the day and will be reminded that they have the option of not participating in the study and continuing their normal migraine treatment. If they do choose to participate, the patients will be brought to the angiography suite and transferred to the angiogram table. The patient will be prepped and draped in standard fashion for an angiogram and given instructions regarding the procedure for the day. The patient will receive local lidocaine at their groin site to minimize discomfort during standard arterial access for the purposes of the angiogram. Catheterization will commence into the external carotid artery. At this time, the patient's headache history will guide the decision for first vessel cannulation. If the patient has frontal migraines, the internal maxillary artery will be cannulated, for parietal headaches the focus will be on the superficial temporal artery, and the occipital artery for posterior, occipitally located symptoms, all on the side of the patient's migraines. A microcatheter will be placed at the origin of each respective artery and a control contrast injection will be performed to determine baseline vessel caliber and blood flow. Patients will be asked at this time if they are experiencing any pain or discomfort. If none, nitroglycerin will be drawn up and injected at a volume of 200µg diluted in 10ml saline into these vessels only. This is a standard injection dose for vasodilation for this medication and it is routinely available and used to treat vasospasm, or vasoconstriction that occurs after subarachnoid hemorrhage in the angiography suite. This dose has also been used in several cranial and cardiac studies and has not been association with adverse reactions related to systemic spread. The expectation is that this small dose will not reach systemic circulation. After 5 minutes, another contrast run will be performed to determine any change in vessel size and the patient will be questioned about any headache symptoms. After another 5 minutes, another contrast run will be performed to see if the nitroglycerin is still effective. If the patient describes no symptoms, the focus will be shifted to one of the other 2 external carotid artery branches to test them for the induction of headaches using the same nitroglycerin protocol. Each vessel will be evaluated for a full 10 minutes and if no vessel causes headache pain, the study will be terminated after a final control injection and femoral sheath removal. Pressure on the groin will be held for 20 minutes and the patient will be taken to the recovery room and monitored lying flat, as in standard fashion for 5 hours before being discharged home in order to prevent groin hematoma. They will again be evaluated for headaches or pain hourly until discharge, and be given another headache log to complete prior to their 2 week follow-up visit. The headache log will be collected at that time and this will complete the study for the patient.
If any vessel immediately, or with time produces headache pain, the patient will be queried regarding the type and quality of the headache, and asked if it is similar to their migraines. A 10 minute angiogram will be repeated at the vessel evaluated. With persistent headaches, a microballoon will be brought to the vessel origin, and it will be inflated to block flow in this vessel for 5 minutes before being deflated. As stated previously, there is no risk to occlusion of these vessels permanently, and certainly not temporarily as will be performed as part of this protocol. These non-critical vessels have dense anastomotic networks and are safe to occlude. Symptoms will be evaluated to see if any subside as a result of their occlusion. Five minutes after the balloon is deflated, another contrast run will be performed to evaluate the caliber of the studied vessel. After this run, the groin sheath will be removed and the above protocol will be followed until outpatient follow-up. If headache symptoms do not subside, the patient will be administered standard pain medication, fentanyl, which is given routinely during angiography at a dose of 25mcg to abate their pain. This is a low, tolerable, and safe dose that will be given with the assistance of our anesthesia colleagues, if necessary. Their headache pain will be closely monitored during the 5 hour recovery period, and given 1 more 25mcg dose during this period in order to fully subside any pain the patient still may have.
This angiogram will take approximately 30 minutes to complete, and it is a low risk procedure.. The vessels studied diagnostically will be solely extracranial and completely separate from intracranial vessels. Any anomalous communication identified between extracranial and intracranial vessels will automatically disqualify a patient from participation in this study.
Despite some minor discomfort from the groin puncture for the patient, with the assistance of an anesthesiologist the pain intra- and post-procedurally experienced by patients will be well controlled. The patient may also opt to receive the rescue pain medication at any time during the angiogram and discontinue the study.
As stated previously, the extracranial vascular circulation has a large anastomotic network such that a single vessel sacrifice can be performed without great risk. These vessels are sacrificed without sequelae intraoperatively routinely when performing craniotomies. In cases where a provocative artery can be found, occlusion of that vessel can lead to improved symptoms, as tested by temporary balloon occlusion without great risk. It is the hope that this pilot work to guide future interventions to control blood flow in these offending vessels, to see if migraines abate permanently with vessel removal from circulation. If these hypotheses are correct, interventions may be created to minimize patient's need for medication, improve their quality of life, and free them from the debilitation of their migraines.
Study Type
Enrollment (Estimated)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
-
-
New York
-
Bronx, New York, United States, 10467
- Montefiore Medical Center
-
-
Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Subjects with a documented diagnosis of migraine by a neurologist
- Subjects refractory to standard migraine therapy with persistent severe, debilitating symptoms
- Subjects without changes to their neurological exam within the preceding 6 months
- Migraines at least twice a month
- Migraines unique and distinguishable from other non-migraine headache pain
- Subjects must sign a consent form for both angiography and for participation in this study, and must be willing to undergo angiography for the evaluation of their symptoms
Exclusion Criteria:
- Subjects taking vasoactive drugs including epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, isoprenaline, dopexamine, milrinone, amrinon, levosimendan, glucagon, phenylephrine, metaraminol, ephedrine, vasopressin, digoxin, and levothyroxine
- Subjects with underlying cardiac pathology including but not limited to coronary artery disease, heart attacks, or severe atherosclerosis,
- Subjects with severe pulmonary disease requiring supplemental oxygen therapy
- Subjects taking medications similar to nitroglycerin such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors
- Subjects with contraindications to nitroglycerin or calcium channel blocker use
- Subjects who have had coffee, tea, or alcohol in the 12 hours before the start of the angiogram
- Subjects having other headache conditions or pain syndromes
- Subjects with prior intracranial therapies or craniotomies for management of any intracranial lesions
- Subjects in whom the angiography demonstrates severe vessel tortuosity or stenosis, vasospasm not responsive to medical therapy, or abnormal communication between intracranial and extracranial vessels either in the past or during the study procedure
- Subjects who are not able to reliably report symptoms
- Subjects who do not consent to participate
- Subjects who are pregnant and children
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Diagnostic
- Allocation: N/A
- Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
- Masking: None (Open Label)
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: Migraine Intervention
Subjects who will be administered 200 micrograms of nitroglycerin once into branches of their external carotid artery to determine the role of dilation of this artery to cause migraine-like pain
|
Intra-arterial adminstration to dilate external carotid artery branches to replicate migraine pain
Other Names:
|
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Migraine
Time Frame: 10 minutes
|
The reporting of migraine-like pain after nitroglycerin administration
|
10 minutes
|
Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Migraine log pre-procedure: severity measure
Time Frame: 2 weeks
|
Severity of migraines for 2 weeks prior to angiogram
|
2 weeks
|
Migraine log pre-procedure: frequency measure
Time Frame: 2 weeks
|
Frequency of migraines for 2 weeks prior to angiogram
|
2 weeks
|
Migraine log pre-procedure: quality measure
Time Frame: 2 weeks
|
Quality of migraines for 2 weeks prior to angiogram
|
2 weeks
|
Migraine log pre-procedure: location measure
Time Frame: 2 weeks
|
Location of migraines for 2 weeks prior to angiogram
|
2 weeks
|
Migraine log pre-procedure: alleviating factor measure
Time Frame: 2 weeks
|
Alleviating factors of migraines for 2 weeks prior to angiogram
|
2 weeks
|
Migraine log pre-procedure: aggravating factor measure
Time Frame: 2 weeks
|
Aggravating factors of migraines for 2 weeks prior to angiogram
|
2 weeks
|
Migraine log pre-procedure: associated symptom measure
Time Frame: 2 weeks
|
Associated symptoms of migraines for 2 weeks prior to angiogram
|
2 weeks
|
Migraine log pre-procedure: therapies utilized measure
Time Frame: 2 weeks
|
Therapies utilized for migraines for 2 weeks prior to angiogram
|
2 weeks
|
Artery dilation
Time Frame: 10 minutes
|
Enlargement of the diameter of the vessel of interest after nitroglycerin administration
|
10 minutes
|
Migraine pain relief
Time Frame: 20 minutes
|
Relief of induced migraine pain with temporary balloon occlusion of the dilated artery.
Standard pain medication will also be available for treatment
|
20 minutes
|
Adverse reactions
Time Frame: 6 hours
|
Monitoring for retroperitoneal hematoma, vascular injury, infection, contrast reaction, worsening contralateral headache symptoms, new neurologic deficit peri-procedurally until discharge
|
6 hours
|
Migraine log follow-up post-procedure: severity measure
Time Frame: 2 weeks
|
Severity of migraines for 2 weeks post-angiogram
|
2 weeks
|
Migraine log follow-up post-procedure: frequency measure
Time Frame: 2 weeks
|
Frequency of migraines for 2 weeks post-angiogram
|
2 weeks
|
Migraine log follow-up post-procedure: quality measure
Time Frame: 2 weeks
|
Quality of migraines for 2 weeks post-angiogram
|
2 weeks
|
Migraine log follow-up post-procedure: location measure
Time Frame: 2 weeks
|
Location of migraines for 2 weeks post-angiogram
|
2 weeks
|
Migraine log follow-up post-procedure: alleviating factors measure
Time Frame: 2 weeks
|
Alleviating factors of migraines for 2 weeks post-angiogram
|
2 weeks
|
Migraine log follow-up post-procedure: aggravating factor measure
Time Frame: 2 weeks
|
Aggravating factors of migraines for 2 weeks post-angiogram
|
2 weeks
|
Migraine log follow-up post-procedure: associated factor measure
Time Frame: 2 weeks
|
Associated symptoms of migraines for 2 weeks post-angiogram
|
2 weeks
|
Migraine log follow-up post-procedure: therapies utilized measure
Time Frame: 2 weeks
|
Therapies utilized for 2 weeks after angiogram until follow-up clinic visit
|
2 weeks
|
Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: David J Altschul, MD, Montefiore Medical Center
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Diamond M, Freitag F, Reed ML, Stewart WF; AMPP Advisory Group. Migraine prevalence, disease burden, and the need for preventive therapy. Neurology. 2007 Jan 30;68(5):343-9. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000252808.97649.21.
- Schoenen J. Hypoxia, a turning point in migraine pathogenesis? Brain. 2016 Mar;139(Pt 3):644-7. doi: 10.1093/brain/awv402. No abstract available.
- Stoeckelhuber BM, Suttmann I, Stoeckelhuber M, Kueffer G. Comparison of the vasodilating effect of nitroglycerin, verapamil, and tolazoline in hand angiography. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003 Jun;14(6):749-54. doi: 10.1097/01.rvi.0000079984.80153.5e.
- Maruhashi T, Soga J, Fujimura N, Idei N, Mikami S, Iwamoto Y, Kajikawa M, Matsumoto T, Hidaka T, Kihara Y, Chayama K, Noma K, Nakashima A, Goto C, Higashi Y. Nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation for assessment of vascular function: a comparison with flow-mediated vasodilation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013 Jun;33(6):1401-8. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.300934. Epub 2013 Mar 21.
- McNiff EF, Yacobi A, Young-Chang FM, Golden LH, Goldfarb A, Fung HL. Nitroglycerin pharmacokinetics after intravenous infusion in normal subjects. J Pharm Sci. 1981 Sep;70(9):1054-8. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600700923.
- Ferrari MD. The economic burden of migraine to society. Pharmacoeconomics. 1998 Jun;13(6):667-76. doi: 10.2165/00019053-199813060-00003.
- Goadsby PJ, Charbit AR, Andreou AP, Akerman S, Holland PR. Neurobiology of migraine. Neuroscience. 2009 Jun 30;161(2):327-41. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.019. Epub 2009 Mar 19.
- Costa C, Tozzi A, Rainero I, Cupini LM, Calabresi P, Ayata C, Sarchielli P. Cortical spreading depression as a target for anti-migraine agents. J Headache Pain. 2013 Jul 23;14(1):62. doi: 10.1186/1129-2377-14-62.
- Evans RW. Diagnostic testing for migraine and other primary headaches. Neurol Clin. 2009 May;27(2):393-415. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2008.11.009.
- Schoonman GG, van der Grond J, Kortmann C, van der Geest RJ, Terwindt GM, Ferrari MD. Migraine headache is not associated with cerebral or meningeal vasodilatation--a 3T magnetic resonance angiography study. Brain. 2008 Aug;131(Pt 8):2192-200. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn094. Epub 2008 May 23.
- Nagata E, Moriguchi H, Takizawa S, Horie T, Yanagimachi N, Takagi S. The middle meningial artery during a migraine attack: 3T magnetic resonance angiography study. Intern Med. 2009;48(24):2133-5. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.2565.
- Asghar MS, Hansen AE, Kapijimpanga T, van der Geest RJ, van der Koning P, Larsson HB, Olesen J, Ashina M. Dilation by CGRP of middle meningeal artery and reversal by sumatriptan in normal volunteers. Neurology. 2010 Oct 26;75(17):1520-6. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f9626a.
- Amin FM, Asghar MS, Hougaard A, Hansen AE, Larsen VA, de Koning PJ, Larsson HB, Olesen J, Ashina M. Magnetic resonance angiography of intracranial and extracranial arteries in patients with spontaneous migraine without aura: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol. 2013 May;12(5):454-61. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70067-X. Epub 2013 Apr 9.
- Arngrim N, Schytz HW, Britze J, Amin FM, Vestergaard MB, Hougaard A, Wolfram F, de Koning PJ, Olsen KS, Secher NH, Larsson HB, Olesen J, Ashina M. Migraine induced by hypoxia: an MRI spectroscopy and angiography study. Brain. 2016 Mar;139(Pt 3):723-37. doi: 10.1093/brain/awv359. Epub 2015 Dec 16.
- Olesen J. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in migraine, tension-type headache and cluster headache. Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Nov;120(2):157-71. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.08.003. Epub 2008 Aug 23.
- Meents JE, Neeb L, Reuter U. TRPV1 in migraine pathophysiology. Trends Mol Med. 2010 Apr;16(4):153-9. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.02.004. Epub 2010 Mar 27.
- Evans MS, Cheng X, Jeffry JA, Disney KE, Premkumar LS. Sumatriptan inhibits TRPV1 channels in trigeminal neurons. Headache. 2012 May;52(5):773-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.02053.x. Epub 2012 Jan 30.
- Totaro R, De Matteis G, Marini C, Baldassarre M, Carolei A. Sumatriptan and cerebral blood flow velocity changes during migraine attacks. Headache. 1997 Nov-Dec;37(10):635-9. doi: 10.1046/j.1526-4610.1997.3710635.x.
- Shevel E. The trigeminovascular system--quo vadis? Headache. 2009 May;49(5):785-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01415.x. No abstract available.
- Shevel E. The extracranial vascular theory of migraine: an artificial controversy. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2011 Apr;118(4):525-30. doi: 10.1007/s00702-010-0517-1. Epub 2011 Jan 5.
- Shevel E. The extracranial vascular theory of migraine--a great story confirmed by the facts. Headache. 2011 Mar;51(3):409-417. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01844.x.
- Beekman R, Nijssen PC, van Rooij WJ, Wijnalda D. Migraine with aura after intracranial endovascular procedures. Headache. 2001 Apr;41(4):410-3. doi: 10.1046/j.1526-4610.2001.111006410.x.
- Choi KS, Lee JH, Yi HJ, Chun HJ, Lee YJ, Kim DW. Incidence and risk factors of postoperative headache after endovascular coil embolization of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2014 Jul;156(7):1281-7. doi: 10.1007/s00701-014-2095-8. Epub 2014 May 7. Erratum In: Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2014 Sep;156(9):1829.
- Amin FM, Hougaard A, Schytz HW, Asghar MS, Lundholm E, Parvaiz AI, de Koning PJ, Andersen MR, Larsson HB, Fahrenkrug J, Olesen J, Ashina M. Investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine attacks induced by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38. Brain. 2014 Mar;137(Pt 3):779-94. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt369. Epub 2014 Feb 5.
- Edvinsson L, Linde M. New drugs in migraine treatment and prophylaxis: telcagepant and topiramate. Lancet. 2010 Aug 21;376(9741):645-55. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60323-6. Epub 2010 Apr 21.
- Meents JE, Hoffmann J, Chaplan SR, Neeb L, Schuh-Hofer S, Wickenden A, Reuter U. Two TRPV1 receptor antagonists are effective in two different experimental models of migraine. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:57. doi: 10.1186/s10194-015-0539-z. Epub 2015 Jun 24.
- Hazard E, Munakata J, Bigal ME, Rupnow MF, Lipton RB. The burden of migraine in the United States: current and emerging perspectives on disease management and economic analysis. Value Health. 2009 Jan-Feb;12(1):55-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00404.x. Epub 2008 Jul 30.
- Bashir A, Lipton RB, Ashina S, Ashina M. Migraine and structural changes in the brain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2013 Oct 1;81(14):1260-8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a6cb32. Epub 2013 Aug 28.
- Starling AJ, Dodick DW. Best practices for patients with chronic migraine: burden, diagnosis, and management in primary care. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015 Mar;90(3):408-14. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.01.010.
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
Primary Completion (Estimated)
Study Completion (Estimated)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Estimated)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- 2017-8335
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
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