A Study Comparing ARB With Radium-223 vs ARB Therapy With Placebo and the Effect Upon Survival for mCRPC Patients (ESCALATE)

ESCALATE, A Phase III Randomized Study Comparing Enzalutamide or Darolutamide With Radium-223 vs Enzalutamide or Darolutamide With Placebo and the Effect Upon Symptomatic Skeletal Event-Free Survival for mCRPC Patients

This is a randomized, multi-center, double-blind, Phase III study of radium-223 plus enzalutamide or darolutamide compared to enzalutamide or darolutamide treatment plus placebo.

Study Overview

• Status: Terminated
• Conditions: Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Enzalutamide during Lead-in Period; Drug: Lead-in Enzalutamide followed by Radium-223/Enzalutamide; Drug: Lead-in Enzalutamide followed by Placebo/Enzalutamide; Drug: Darolutamide during Lead-in Period; Drug: Lead-in Darolutamide followed by Radium-223/Darolutamide; Drug: Lead-in Darolutamide followed by Placebo/Darolutamide

Detailed Description

The hypothesis investigators will test in this study is whether layering radium-223 following 16 weeks of enzalutamide or darolutamide exposure in patients demonstrating a biochemical response improves disease outcomes. By adding radium-223 following a potential bone flare phenomenon [after first 12-14 weeks of therapy with an androgen receptor blocker (ARB)], including patients expected to have durable response to systemic therapy, and mandating the use of bone protective agents during treatment, the investigators aim to demonstrate an optimal time to add radium-223 in the mCRPC landscape.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 23
• Phase: Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • South Carolina
    • Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, United States, 29572
      • Research Site

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 16 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Male

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Able and willing to provide informed consent.
2. Histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma.
3. Men ≥ 18 years.
4. ECOG performance status of 0 or 1 at screening.
5. Metastatic to bone with ≥ 2 bone metastases (area of increased uptake on 99mTc bone scan); equivocal lesions on the bone scan must be confirmed by standard X-ray, CT, or MRI.

6. Patients must have progressive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) at screening and on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as evidenced by either:

   1. For patients who manifest disease progression solely as a rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level - documentation of a sequence of two rising PSA values at a minimum of 1-week apart with the Screening value ≥1 ng/ml (see Appendix D);
   2. For patients with disease progression manifested in the bone, irrespective of progression by rising PSA - defined by the appearance of 2 or more new skeletal lesions demonstrated by 99Tc bone imaging. Ambiguous results should be confirmed by other imaging modalities than bone scan and x-ray (e.g.: CT-scan or MRI).
   3. For patients with disease progression manifested at nodal sites, irrespective of progression by rising PSA - progression defined per RECIST 1.1.
7. Ongoing ADT with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist or antagonist or bilateral orchiectomy.
8. Use of bone health agents (denosumab or zoledronic acid or other bisphosphonates) starting any time prior to R1 unless contraindicated or considered not in the best interest of the patient. A waiver must be approved by the medical monitor if bone health agents cannot be used. Bone health agents should be continued throughout both RT1 and RT2 treatment periods.

9. Adequate bone marrow and organ function as defined by:

   1. Hemoglobin ≥ 10.0 g/dL
   2. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1.5 x 109/L
   3. Platelets ≥ 100 x 109/L
   4. Serum creatinine ≤ 1.95 mg/dL
   5. Estimated creatinine clearance >/= 30 mL/min by Cockroft-Gault calculation
   6. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤ 175 U/L
   7. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≤ 100 U/L
   8. Total bilirubin ≤ 1.8 mg/dL (unless the patient a diagnosis of Gilbert's disease or a similar syndrome involving slow conjugation of bilirubin; in patients with Gilbert's, the total bilirubin should be less than 6 mg/dL if patient has Gilbert's and the elevation should be seen in the unconjugated or indirect bilirubin measurement)
   9. LDH ≤ 224 U/L at screening.
   10. Albumin ≥ 2.5 g/dL
10. Fertile male patients, defined as all males physiologically capable of conceiving offspring with female partners of child-bearing potential, must be willing to use condoms plus spermicidal agent during the study treatment period and for 6 months after the last dose of study drug, and not father a child or donate sperm during this period.

11. The treating site investigator deems RT1 (Enzalutamide or Darolutamide) treatment safe and feasible.

    Subjects must meet the remaining inclusion criteria in order to be qualified for the second randomization (R2). Only subjects that complete the initial 12 weeks of run-in RT1 should be evaluated. Prior inclusion criteria do not need to be re-evaluated:

12. Patients must have a documented ≥ 30% decline of PSA at any time during the 12 weeks of RT1.
13. Patients must have no evidence of visceral metastatic disease at the time of RT2 randomization
14. Ongoing treatment with RT1 and bone health agents at time of RT2 randomization.
15. The treating site investigator deems RT2 (Ra-223 dichloride) treatment safe and feasible.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pathological finding consistent with small cell carcinoma of the prostate.
2. Prior chemotherapy for CRPC. Prior docetaxel for hormone-sensitive disease is permitted under the following conditions: started within 3 months of ADT initiation, given for a maximum of 6 cycles and progression occurred > 6 months after the last dose of docetaxel.
3. Prior treatment for mCRPC or CRPC. However, the following therapies are permitted and not exclusionary: Sipuleucel-T, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, estrogens, or older antiandrogens (such as flutamide, bicalutamide, or nilutamide).
4. Prior treatment for more than 2 months with CYP17 inhibitors (e.g. abiraterone or orteronel).
5. Prior treatment for more than 2 months with agents inhibiting androgen receptor signaling (e.g. enzalutamide, apalutamide, or darolutamide).
6. Prior hemibody or whole-body external radiotherapy. Other types of prior external radiotherapy and brachytherapies are allowed.
7. Prior therapy with radionuclides (e.g., radium-223, strontium-89, samarium-153, rhenium-186, rhenium-188, actinium-225 and lutetium-177).
8. Current involvement in any drug or device trial involving investigational agent or medical device within the last 28 days prior to R1.
9. In general, any prior investigational agent for nmCRPC/mCRPC; however, may be reviewed by medical monitor/PIs for waiver consideration, on a case-by-case basis.
10. Hypersensitivity to compounds related to enzalutamide, darolutamide, or Ra-223.
11. A blood transfusion ≤ 28 days prior to R1.
12. Major surgical procedures ≤ 28 days or minor surgical procedures ≤7 days prior to R1. No waiting period is required following port-a-cath placement.
13. Patients with visceral metastases, clinical evidence of central nervous system metastases, or leptomeningeal tumor spread as demonstrated via CT/MRI of chest, abdomen, pelvis, and CNS (if needed). CT/MRI of the CNS only performed if suspicion of CNS metastases or leptomeningeal tumor spread. Nodules < 1 cm alone will not be considered visceral metastases. Renal masses < 3 cm will not be considered exclusionary.
14. Serious active infection at the time of screening or another serious underlying medical condition that would impair the ability of the patient to receive protocol treatment.
15. Presence of other active cancers, or history of treatment for invasive cancer ≤2 years of R1. Patients with Stage I/II cancer who have received definitive local treatment and are considered unlikely to recur are eligible. All patients with previously treated in situ carcinoma (i.e., non-invasive) and superficial bladder cancer are eligible, as are patients with history of non-melanoma skin cancer.
16. Any other serious or unstable illness, or medical, social, or psychological condition, that could jeopardize the safety of the subject and/or his/her compliance with study procedures, or may interfere with the subject's participation in the study or evaluation of the study results.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Sequential Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

6

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Other: Enzalutamide during Lead-in Period; Randomized, open-label lead-in ARB (enzalutamide tablets, 160 mg PO QD) for 12 weeks.	Drug: Enzalutamide during Lead-in Period; Participants will receive 12 weeks open-label lead-in ARB (enzalutamide) that will continue after double-blind randomization to radium-223 or placebo.; Other Names: Xtandi
Active Comparator: Lead-in Enzalutamide followed by Radium-223/Enzalutamide; Randomized, open-label lead-in ARB (enzalutamide) for 12 weeks followed by randomized, double-blind Radium-223 IV at 55 kBq/kg IV up to 6 cycles (at 4 week intervals) with continued randomized open-label enzalutamide.	Drug: Lead-in Enzalutamide followed by Radium-223/Enzalutamide; After a 12-week lead-in period of open-label enzalutamide, participants will be randomized to double-blind radium-223 or placebo. Participants will continue on their randomized, open-label enzalutamide.; Other Names: Xofigo, Xtandi
Placebo Comparator: Lead-in Enzalutamide followed by Placebo/Enzalutamide; Randomized, open-label lead-in ARB (enzalutamide) for 12 weeks followed by randomized, double-blind normal saline placebo IV up to 6 cycles (at 4 week intervals) with continued randomized open-label enzalutamide.	Drug: Lead-in Enzalutamide followed by Placebo/Enzalutamide; After a 12-week lead-in period of open-label enzalutamide, participants will be randomized to double-blind radium-223 or placebo. Participants will continue on their randomized, open-label enzalutamide.; Other Names: Placebo, Xtandi
Other: Darolutamide during Lead-in Period; Randomized, open-label lead-in ARB (darolutamide tablets, 300 mg PO BID) for 12 weeks.	Drug: Darolutamide during Lead-in Period; Participants will receive 12 weeks open-label lead-in darolutamide that will continue after double-blind randomization to radium-223 or placebo.; Other Names: Nubeqa
Active Comparator: Lead-in Darolutamide followed by Radium-223/Darolutamide; Randomized, open-label lead-in ARB (darolutamide) for 12 weeks followed by randomized, double-blind Radium-223 IV at 55 kBq/kg IV up to 6 cycles (at 4 week intervals) with continued randomized open-label darolutamide.	Drug: Lead-in Darolutamide followed by Radium-223/Darolutamide; After a 12-week lead-in period of open-label darolutamide, participants will be randomized to double-blind radium-223 or placebo. Participants will continue on their randomized, open-label darolutamide.; Other Names: Xofigo, Nubeqa
Placebo Comparator: Lead-in Darolutamide followed by Placebo/Darolutamide; Randomized, open-label lead-in ARB (darolutamide) for 12 weeks followed by randomized, double-blind normal saline placebo IV up to 6 cycles (at 4 week intervals) with continued randomized open-label darolutamide.	Drug: Lead-in Darolutamide followed by Placebo/Darolutamide; After a 12-week lead-in period of open-label darolutamide, participants will be randomized to double-blind radium-223 or placebo. Participants will continue on their randomized, open-label darolutamide.; Other Names: Placebo, Nubeqa

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Symptomatic Skeletal Event-free Survival (SSE-FS)	SSE-FS is a composite endpoint, composed of 4 events that indicate disease progression: the first use of external-beam radiation therapy to relieve skeletal tumor-related symptoms; the occurrence of new symptomatic pathologic bone fractures.; the occurrence of new symptomatic spinal cord compression; a tumor-related orthopedic surgical intervention	approximately 1 year and 8 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Overall Survival (OS)	Number of subjects who survived between RT2 randomization through data cut-off.	approximately 1 year and 8 months
Time to Chemotherapy Initiation	Number of subjects who began docetaxel or cabazitaxel treatment during the study.	approximately 1 year and 8 months
Radiographic Progression-free Survival (rPFS)	Number of subjects with bone scan progression per PCWG3 criteria, and/or progression by CT/MRI per RECIST 1.1 criteria, or death from any cause following RT2. Radiological progression is interpreted by local assessment only.	approximately 1 year and 8 months
Safety Profile of Androgen Receptor Blocker (ARB) Therapy With or Without Radium-223.	Safety profile of androgen receptor blockers (enzalutamide or darolutamide) with or without radium-223; number of participants with treatment-related adverse events as assessed by CTCAE v5.0. Reported only in the AE reporting module.	approximately 1 year and 8 months
Occurrence of AESI: Bone Fractures (Pathologic and Non-pathologic)	Assess occurrence of AESI: fractures (pathologic and non-pathologic).	approximately 1 year and 8 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: MANA RBM
• Collaborators: Bayer; Tulane University; Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute; Carolina Urologic Research Center
• Investigators: Study Chair: Neal Shore, MD, Carolina Urologic Research Center

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): June 30, 2020
• Primary Completion (Actual): March 7, 2022
• Study Completion (Actual): March 7, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 15, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 21, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): January 23, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 7, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 9, 2022
• Last Verified: September 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: mCRPC; ARB; Radiopharmaceutical
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Neoplasms; Urogenital Neoplasms; Neoplasms by Site; Genital Neoplasms, Male; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Neoplasms; Antineoplastic Agents; Radium Ra 223 dichloride
• Other Study ID Numbers: PC18-1005

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No