Virtual Reality-Based Rehabilitation After Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Study of the Effects of a Virtual Reality Balance Training Programme on the Balance and Walking Ability of Stroke Patients

To determine the added value of integrating virtual reality therapy (VRT) based balance training into conventional therapy (CT) for improving balance and gait in subacute stroke patients, and to evaluate the usability and patient satisfaction associated with the VRT based intervention, stroke patients will be recruited in the Neurorehabilitation Department of Erasme University Hospital.

Patients will be randomized to a group performing only CT (CT group) and a group in which 20% of the daily CT was replaced by VRT involving standing balance exercises performed with an immersive headset (VRT group). Functional ambulation classification (FAC), gait speed and step length on 10 meters walking test (10MWT), walking distance on 2 minutes walking test (2MWT) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) will be assessed at baseline (T0) and post-intervention (T1). Sensory reweighting in the VRT group will also be evaluated through the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) at T0 and T1. Usability of the VR system and patient satisfaction associated with virtual reality will be assessed at T1 in the VRT group through a questionary.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Stroke Patients
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Standard Conventional Rehabilitation; Other: Virtual Reality Rehabilitation Program

Detailed Description

Outcomes :

Analyse the effects of a virtual reality balance rehabilitation programme added to conventional therapy on the balance and walking ability of stroke patients.

Analyse feedback from patients who have experienced virtual reality in terms of the usability of the system and patient satisfaction associated with virtual reality.

Participants :

Stroke patients will be recruited in the Neurorehabilitation Department of Erasme University Hospital. Inclusion criteria will be

• Hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke within the past 6 months,
• Age of more than 18 years old,
• Ability to stand and walk with or without assistance
• Mini-Mental State Examination score of more than 15/30
• Ability to understand instructions,
• No visual deficits hindering VR training and vi) a health status allowing for rehabilitation Exclusion criteria will be another orthopedic or neurological disease altering the function of the paretic lower limb, balance or gait.

Study design This study will be a pragmatic, randomized controlled trial conducted in routine clinical settings. Participants will be enrolled during their inpatient stay in the neurorehabilitation unit. Following enrolment, they will be randomly allocated to either the CT group (conventional therapy alone) or VRT group (CT + VRT program) using a computer-generated randomization procedure.

• Control group : conventional therapy alone will focus on motor rehabilitation, individualized according to their specific functional needs (exercises for individual deficits and mainly comprised sit-to-stand transfers, balance exercises, walking independence exercises, ergocycle endurance exercises, and dual-task exercises)
• VRT group : Conventional therapy + virtual reality therapy. Conventional therapy will be partially replaced by VRT (20% of the total weekly rehabilitation time over a 2-week period corresponding in five 20-minute segments each week, resulting in a total of 10 VRT sessions) in such a way that the overall daily duration of motor rehabilitation will be equivalent between the VRT and CT groups.

Virtual reality therapy The virtual reality system will consist of a fixed computer running Virtualis software (Virtualis, France) an HMD (HTC Vive, HTC, Taiwan) with a resolution of 2,160 × 1,200 pixels (Full HD), a horizontal field of view of 110◦ and a frame rate of 90 Hz, two portable controllers (Vive Controller, HTC, Taiwan) and two static force platforms designed to measure center of pressure (CoP) data synchronized with the immersive virtual environments. Each session will last 20 minutes and will be performed under therapist supervision The VR training will consist of different types of exercises: 1/ weight transfer exercises (e.g. skiing) 2/ scrolling exercises (e.g. scrolling in a tunnel); 3/ dual-task exercises (balance + fun upper limb exercises) and 4/ stability limit exercises.

Assessment Patients will be evaluated at two time points: at baseline (T0) and post-intervention (T1, after the two weeks intervention) using validated outcome measures. Functional Ambulation Classification (FAC) will be used to quantify the level of human assistance required for ambulation. Walking capacity will be assessed through the Two-Minute Walk Test (2MWT). Walking speed and stride length will be measured using the 10-meter walk test (10MWT). Postural stability will be evaluated using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). In addition, participants assigned to the VRT group will undergo a virtual reality-based Sensory Organization Test (VR-SOT) to objectively assess postural control at T0 and T1, and they will be asked to complete a structured satisfaction questionnaire on VR at T1.

Statistical analysis Normality will be verified using the Shapiro-Wilk. For the the primary outcome analyses, a two-way repeated-measures ANOVA will be conducted to examine the group (CT vs. VRT), time (T0-T1) and group x time interaction.

Within the VRT group, changes in VR-SOT scores between T0 and T1 will be analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Holm-adjusted p values. Spearman correlation coefficients will be calculated to assess the relationships between changes in SOT scores and changes in functional outcomes.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 34
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Belgium
  • Brussels, Belgium, 1070
    • Erasme University Hospital (Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles - H.U.B.)

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke within the past 6 months,
• Minimum age of 18 years old,
• Ability to stand and walk with or without assistance
• Mini-Mental State Examination score of more than 15/30
• Ability to understand instructions,
• No visual deficits hindering VR training and vi) a health status allowing for rehabilitation

Exclusion Criteria:

• other orthopedic or neurological disease altering the function of the paretic lower limb, balance or gait.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Conventional Therapy (CT); conventional therapy will focus on motor rehabilitation, individualized according to their specific functional needs (exercises for individual deficits and mainly comprised sit-to-stand transfers, balance exercises, walking independence exercises, ergocycle endurance exercises, and dual-task exercises)	Other: Standard Conventional Rehabilitation; Conventional Therapy will focus on motor rehabilitation, individualized according to their specific functional needs (exercises for individual deficits and mainly comprised sit-to-stand transfers, balance exercises, walking independence exercises, ergocycle endurance exercises, and dual-task exercises)
Experimental: Virtual Reality Therapy-Based Rehabilitation (VRT); This group will benefit from integrating virtual reality therapy (VRT) based balance training into conventional therapy (CT). Conventional therapy will be partially replaced by VRT (20% of the total weekly rehabilitation time over a 2-week period corresponding in five 20-minute segments each week, resulting in a total of 10 VRT sessions) in such a way that the overall daily duration of motor rehabilitation will be equivalent between the VRT and CT groups.	Other: Virtual Reality Rehabilitation Program; The virtual reality system will consist of a fixed computer running Virtualis software (Virtualis, France) an HMD (HTC Vive, HTC, Taiwan) with a resolution of 2,160 × 1,200 pixels (Full HD), a horizontal field of view of 110◦ and a frame rate of 90 Hz, two portable controllers (Vive Controller, HTC, Taiwan) and two static force platforms designed to measure center of pressure (CoP) data synchronized with the immersive virtual environments. Each session will last 20 minutes and will be performed under therapist supervision The VR training will consist of different types of exercises: 1/ weight transfer exercises (e.g. skiing) 2/ scrolling exercises (e.g. scrolling in a tunnel); 3/ dual-task exercises (balance + fun upper limb exercises) and 4/ stability limit exercises.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Balance Performance from Baseline to Post-Intervention	To address this objective, the Berg Balance Scale (0-56 points; higher scores indicate better balance) will be used to assess changes in functional balance performance from baseline to post-intervention.	From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Sensory Contributions to Postural Control measured by the Sensory Organization Test (SOT).	In the VRT group, the Sensory Organization Test will be used to characterize potential changes in sensory integration for balance (score from 0 to 100%, higher scores indicate better postural control), from baseline to post-intervention. This test	From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Patient-Reported Satisfaction and Acceptability of Virtual Reality Training at Post-Intervention	Patient-reported experience in the VRT group will be assessed at T1 using the Virtual Reality Training Satisfaction Questionnaire (8-item Likert Scale). Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). The questionnaire evaluates perceived usability, emotional response, and overall acceptability of virtual reality as an adjunct to conventional rehabilitation. Higher scores indicate greater satisfaction and acceptability.	1 questionnaire at the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Change in Functional Ambulation Classification (FAC) Score	The Functional Ambulation Classification (0-5; higher scores indicate better functional ambulation) will assess changes in walking independence from baseline to post-intervention.	From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Change in Walking Endurance Measured by the 2-Minute Walk Test (2MWT)	The 2-Minute Walk Test measures the distance walked in meters within 2 minutes; higher distances indicate better walking endurance.	From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Change in Gait Speed Measured by the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT)	The 10-Meter Walk Test evaluates gait speed in m/s over a 10-meter distance; higher speeds indicate better performance.	From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Erasme University Hospital
• Collaborators: Fonds Erasme pour la Recherche Médicale
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Chloé Sauvage, PhD, Université Libre de Bruxelles

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 8, 2024
• Primary Completion (Actual): March 30, 2025
• Study Completion (Actual): May 10, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 30, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 6, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): February 13, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): February 13, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 6, 2026
• Last Verified: January 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: stroke; gait; rehabilitation; virtual reality; balance
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Cerebrovascular Disorders; Brain Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Vascular Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; Stroke
• Other Study ID Numbers: B4062023000218

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No