Understanding the Determinants of Physical Activity Levels in Persons With Chronic Pain

International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form

The International Physical Activity Questionnaire -Short Form measures free-living physical activity levels. The questionnaire is psychometrically tested and used as an instrument to measure physical activity over the previous seven days of participants. It was developed in 1998 to investigate physical activity levels based on the global standard. The IPAQ short form has demonstrated to have acceptable measurement properties for use in a variety of settings. The nine item instrument asks for time spent in walking, moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity of at least 10-minute durations.

Demographics questionnaire

The demographics questionnaire will collect information about the participants' age, gender, nationality, ethnicity, duration of condition, living environment.

Brief Pain Inventory - Short Form

The Brief Pain Inventory - Short Form (BPI-SF) is a widely used questionnaire used with persons with chronic non-malignant painful conditions. It is composed of a nine-item self-administered questionnaire to evaluate the severity of an individuals' pain and impact on their daily function. The BPI-SF required participants to rate their current pain intensity, pain in the last 24 hours at its worst, least and average by using a numerical scale of 0-10. Participants are also asked to rate the extent to which their pain interferes with seven quality of life domains. The scales to these domains are bound by words "does not interfere" and "interferes completely". The reliability has been reported in several chronic pain conditions.

The Patterns of Activity Measure - Pain

The Patterns of Activity Measure -Pain (POAM-P) measures pacing/pattern of activity. The questionnaire is composed of 30 self-reported items developed by Cane et al 2007 to measure three activity patterns; avoidance, overdoing and pacing in patients with chronic pain. Each subscale consists of 10 items, where participants are given instructions such as: "People who have pain use different ways to do their daily activity. This about how you do your daily activity". Participants will then rate the statement as to the extent it applies to them on a five-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (always), each subscale ranges in score from 0-40. The POAM-P scale for pacing has shown acceptable psychometric properties.

The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia

The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) is a 17 item self-completed questionnaire that will be used to assess the subjective rating of kinesiophobia or fear of movement. The TSK was originally developed to differentiate between non-excessive fear and phobia among patients with musculoskeletal pain. It has been deemed a valid and reliable psychometric measure used for pain relating to different body parts. The scores of the questionnaire ranged from 17 to 68 where higher scores indicate a higher degree of kinesiophobia.

The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 42

The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 42 (DASS-42) is a 42-item self-report instrument that consists of three scales that assess three negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress over the last week. Each of the 42 items has four responses ranging from 0 (did not apply to me at all) to 3 (applied to me very much or most of the time). The DASS42 requires participants to respond to statements immediately in relation to their feelings of the previous week. Higher scores relate to higher levels of depression, anxiety or stress. Previous findings showed that DASS42 has reliable psychometric properties in relation to internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity in clinical and non-clinical populations.